home » Debit cards Problems and ways of their solution in the field of recreation and tourism services. Environmental problems associated with the use of recreational resources Problems of recreational resources and ways to solve them

Problems and ways of their solution in the field of recreation and tourism services. Environmental problems associated with the use of recreational resources Problems of recreational resources and ways to solve them

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Moscow State Regional University

Natural Ecological Institute

Faculty of Geography and Ecology

Department of Geology and Geoecology

Course work

Problems of recreational nature management

Completed:

Medvedev K.A., 34gr.

Checked by: Associate Professor Kosonozhkin V.I.

Moscow, 2012

Introduction

1. Recreational nature management

2. Recreational nature management as an object of geographical research

3. The concept, types and features of recreational resources

4. Characteristics of recreational resources from an economic point of view

5. Methodological approaches to the assessment of recreational resources

6. The problem of economic evaluation of natural recreational resources

7. Economic evaluation of recreational resources as the basis for rational nature management

8. Socio-economic factors in the formation of recreational needs

9. General problems of recreational nature management

10. Nature protection and recreational nature management: principles of organization and functioning

11. Improving nature protection in recreational areas

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The relevance of the chosen topic of the course work is indisputable due to the fact that the recreational activities of people, including sanatorium treatment, recreation and tourism, travel to summer cottages and gardening plots, are becoming increasingly important.

One of the most important tasks of the state is to preserve and strengthen the health of citizens. The formation of a healthy lifestyle of a person is greatly influenced by recreational activities, including various types of recreation (including tourism, physical education, various forms of entertainment and games), due to the socio-cultural nature of the time and place of its implementation, as well as prevention associated with public health care. Recreation performs many functions in society and covers all age and professional groups of the population. The versatility of this sphere is manifested in the fact that it contributes to the development of physical, aesthetic, psychological and other qualities of the human personality.

The need for the development of recreation puts forward the problem of preserving nature and, at the same time, the general availability of valuable natural complexes. In scientific terms, the solution to this problem is associated primarily with the concept of "recreational capacity" of natural complexes. In practical terms, the recreational planning, design and operation of natural objects is based on an integrated approach to assessing their resources, which should take into account the following aspects: uniqueness, accessibility, density within the region, diversity and complexity, and the physical condition of objects.

The purpose of this course work is to determine what recreational nature management is, its problems and development factors.

1. Recreational nature management

Recreational nature management is the main form of interaction between society and the natural environment, which is implemented through a system of measures aimed at the development, use, transformation, restoration and protection of natural resources, and reflects the relationship between production, population and the environment. In the process of recreation, nature is one of the leading factors of rest and recovery, restoration of the physical and neuropsychic forces of a person. The historical pattern of interaction between society and nature is manifested in the expansion of human influence on nature with the growth of economic development and the awareness of the need to preserve the natural environment with the growing importance of its recreational function.

In the conditions of extensive and intensive interaction between society and nature, the growing needs of society for recreation, there is an objective need for the systematic use of natural resources to meet needs, that is, to organize a special type of nature management - recreational. Recreational nature management has three main functions: social, economic and environmental. The social function of recreational nature management is the satisfaction of the specific needs of the population in recreation, health improvement, communication with nature, which helps to strengthen the physical and mental health of society. The economic function is mainly to restore the labor force. Thanks to recreation, working capacity increases, the working time fund increases, which contributes to the growth of labor productivity. The economic function also includes the expansion of the scope of labor and the accelerated development of social and industrial infrastructure in areas of intensive recreational nature management. The nature protection function is to prevent the degradation of natural recreational complexes under the influence of anthropogenic activities, including recreational ones.

Methodologically, recreational nature management should be considered as a unity of such processes as organizing recreation of the population using natural resources and conditions, predicting changes in the state of the environment under the influence of recreational activities, meeting the needs of the population in natural recreational resources and restoring the workforce.

As a rule, in the territorial production complex, its defining and primary element is the production structure. The non-productive sphere provides the conditions for the existence and functioning of the production one and is, as it were, secondary.

Only in cases where the region has a recreational specialization, the non-productive sphere becomes the primary factor, which means the conditions for the development of the industrial sector. In this case, there is a need to create new forms of cooperation between enterprises and organizations within a single territorial complex in order to maximize and effectively provide recreational services. One of them is the territorial-recreational complex (TRC). It is characterized by a single territory that has a significant recreational potential, a set of recreational institutions, with close industrial ties, unity of organizational forms of government that ensure the effective use of natural recreational resources and the socio-economic conditions prevailing in this territory.

Although outwardly the problem of recreational nature management extends only to natural objects that can be used for recreational purposes, in reality it also covers a wide range of objects of anthropogenic origin that affect the efficiency of development, use, restoration and protection of these resources. The totality of such objects in the region forms a territorial-recreational complex. Thus, recreational nature management has a regional localization and can be considered as an element of regional economic and social policy. Therefore, TRK should be considered as an object of recreational nature management in the conditions of its intensification.

Broadcasting Company has a complex internal structure and significant external relations. The internal structure of the complex is determined by the level of development of the material and technical base of recreational specialization industries, industrial and social infrastructures, the state of the environment, the availability of labor resources, and the nature of the population's settlement in recreational areas. The external relations of the complex are determined by the socio-economic conditions of complex formation, such as the transport and geographical position of the complex, communication with internal points of material, technical and food supply, location relative to zones from which additional labor can be attracted during peak seasons.

2. Recreational nature management as an object of geographical research

The concept of "nature management" from a philosophical point of view is identified with the process of social production, i.e. is considered as a process of interaction between man and nature, carried out in the form of labor activity, both industrial and non-productive. "Labor is primarily a process that takes place between man and nature," wrote K. Marx, "a process in which man mediates, regulates and controls the metabolism between himself and nature by his own activity." From a geographical point of view, theoretical and methodological issues of nature management were considered in the works of A.G. Isachenko, I.I. Mamaia, V.S. Preobrazhensky, I.P. Gerasimova, T.G. Runova and others. The ultimate goal of geographical research was to solve the problem of rationalization of nature management, which, in turn, provided for the study of the patterns of formation and development of the structure and territorial organization of nature management, assessment of their compliance with the current and future needs of society, the search for fundamental ways to improve the economic mechanism and management of the process of nature management.

In the 60s, the concept of "recreational nature management" entered the conceptual and terminological apparatus of the theory of nature management. The geographical study of this sphere of economic activity has acquired particular relevance in connection with the expansion of the recreational area, the increase in the scale of impact, including technogenic, on all components of the environment, the intensification of socio-economic and environmental contradictions in the development of the process of recreational nature management.

Recreational nature management (RP) is understood as an integral system of relations between a person and the natural environment, emerging in the process of development, use, transformation and reproduction of natural resources to meet the recreational needs of society. Recreational activities do not exist outside the natural environment, while the driving force behind the RP process is changing recreational needs. A person acts as a material carrier of the process of nature management, since it is he who functionally changes the environment, adapting it to his needs, and at the same time he himself acts as an object of transformation. Part of the natural environment is involved in the direct exchange of matter, energy and information - the resource potential of the territory.

M.S. Nudelman points out three main functions of RP, the need for which arises in society when solving national economic problems - social (satisfying the specific needs of the population in recreation, health improvement, communication with nature), economic (reproduction of labor force and expansion of the scope of labor application in areas with intensive RP ), environmental protection (prevention of degradation of natural recreational complexes under the influence of anthropogenic activities).

It seems necessary to identify the place of RP in the general systematics of nature management types. According to K.V. Zvorykina and others distinguish three types of nature management: resource-exploiting nature management, place-exploiting and environmental protection. Recreation is classified by the authors as a type of local nature exploitation of a communal nature, along with residential and cultural-memorial, and medical-health resort and recreational nature use appear in this typology as two independent types. By the nature of the relationship to nature, RP is defined as the closest to nature protection, "since some forms of nature protection serve as a" means "of the planned recreational use of the territory. As an example, national parks are justifiably cited, which are both recreational and protected areas.

T.G. Runova, in accordance with the nature and direction of the use of nature, distinguishes the following types of nature management: direct, including resource extraction, resource use, landscape use, experimental scientific and "deferred" nature management, and indirect - resource consumption. Recreation is included in landscape use, which refers to the use of a certain combination of properties of natural landscapes as a condition for the placement and development of economic activity in a given place, while the natural properties of this landscape are used and preserved to the maximum (medical-ecological, aesthetic, bioclimatic, the state of flora, fauna, reservoirs).

Developing the above views on the content of the RP, we note the triune structure inherent in it:

a) recreational resource consumption, including balneological and mud therapy, vegetable and animal (so-called commercial recreation), informational (natural-cognitive recreation);

b) recreational resource use, including climatic, water, land, landscape;

c) recreational environmental use, including the placement of recreants and their transit flows, recreational enterprises and lands, recreational infrastructure, recreational waste, the use of favorable environmental properties for treatment, rehabilitation, aesthetic perception, knowledge, entertainment.

RP also differs by type depending on the choice of an object of the natural environment and the "technology" of its use: land use, water use, forest use, biotic, mining (extraction of mineral waters and therapeutic mud), information.

The RP typology by functions indicates the degree of correspondence between the types of nature management and the nature of the basic recreational needs of a person. In this regard, four main types of RP are distinguished: recreational-therapeutic, recreational-sports, recreational-improving, recreational-cognitive. The degree of pressure on natural complexes, the requirements for the natural environment, the nature of anthropogenic changes for the selected types of RP are different. The forms of spatial organization of RP are also diverse - from local (for example, the operation of a balneological source) to linear (tourist and excursion routes) and areal (areas of hunting tourism, walking recreation).

Recreational nature management has a number of specific features that distinguish it from other forms of social organization of the territory.

Recreational territories, carrying out the restoration of the physical and spiritual forces of a person, essentially ensure the development of the productive forces of society. At the same time, the impact on nature occurs directly, and not indirectly, which significantly affects the stability of self-organizing natural complexes in areas of mass recreation.

RP has a pronounced resource orientation, which causes powerful flows to places where recreational resources are concentrated. The complex use of the resource potential prevails, and an integral principle of the RP is the preservation or improvement of the quality of resources or the recreational environment as a whole.

The RP often acts as a pioneer in the use of resources that were not previously involved in economic activity (karst objects, mineral springs and mud, beaches, high peaks, untouched unique landscapes, etc.), however, they may come into conflict with other nature users regarding land, water, forest lands. Recreational areas can be both of a monofunctional type (recreational lands) and polyfunctional, i.e. their structure may include agricultural plots, residential areas, protected objects, etc.

The territories used in the RP process are heterogeneous in terms of the degree of anthropogenic transformation of natural complexes. This was first written by V.A. Anuchin: "The zone with its maximum urbanization and highly cultivated nature with a developed service sector designed to meet the needs of people in treatment and ... entertainment, and the territories allocated for tourism with nature still relatively unaltered by human activity, differing greatly from each other, represent two "extreme" forms of recreational nature management with the dominance of various forms of an intermediate nature between them. In areas with limited natural and recreational resources, as a result of special measures (creation of artificial reservoirs, forest plantations, attractions, etc.), a special type of geotechnogenic recreational areas is formed with a special recreational environment and adequate forms of nature management.

For most types of RP, seasonality is characteristic, caused by the rhythm of natural processes and manifested in fluctuations in the power of recreational flows, the density of recreational load, and the size of the area of recreational activity. A kind of "pulsating" mode of functioning of recreational areas from an economic point of view leads to negative results - a decrease in profits, uneven employment of labor resources, but from an environmental point of view it has undoubted positive manifestations - the possibility of restoring natural complexes in the off-season, disturbed in the process of nature management.

The purpose of geographic research of RP is a comprehensive scientific substantiation of managerial decisions to optimize nature management. We can agree with the opinion of A.M. Kotelnikov about the need to use geographical knowledge as relevant information when performing all the functions of the management cycle: monitoring, design, programming and planning, decision-making, regulatory support, organization, motivation and control of the activities of nature users.

The geographical study of RP involves two main scientific and methodological approaches - process and territorial. The process approach is to consider the RP as a process, i.e. continual regular change of interactions between the natural environment and society in order to meet its recreational needs. This raises the need to study the evolutionary course of RP, i.e. certain stages, stages in the development of RP with their inherent set of forms of exploitation of the natural resource potential and measures for its protection and reproduction. So, M. V. Kuznetsov distinguishes two stages in the structure of the recreational-geographical process - the process of development and the process of use, and in relation to the use of the territory, development can be advanced, synchronous and lagging. M.G. Gudima, considering the anthropogenic impact of recreation on the landscape, defines the following stages in the development of recreational-geographical space: discreteness, field, continuousization, localization, transition from the stage of self-development to management.

The evolution of RP is most fully disclosed in the work of Yu.A. Vedenin and I.V. Shabdurasulova. At the first stage - extensive RP - the control function is practically absent; at the stage of transition from extensive forms of RP to intensive, elements of control and management of the quality of resources are introduced (development of recreational load standards, establishment of protected areas); at the stage of intensive RP, the system of recreational monitoring is improved, artificial natural and technical geosystems are created, which are used as recreational resources.

Systematizing ideas about the evolution of RP, we will characterize the four stages of the process that recreational areas go through in their development.

I. Stage of recreational development, including:

with the primary function of recreation. This stage is characterized by the development of areas with the best recreational resources, spontaneous, mainly focal forms of recreational activities, followed by systematic construction in places of regular recreational preference, the associated development of general economic and recreational infrastructure;

with a secondary function of recreation. Recreation adapts to the previously established types of nature management in the region, while either vacant land plots are developed, or recreation replaces previously existing forms of organization.

The most important tasks of geographic research of RP at the development stage are:

study and assessment of the natural resource potential of the territory;

comparative assessment of the potentials of alternative nature uses with the allocation of territories of priority recreational development;

assessment of social necessity, economic efficiency and environmental safety of recreational development;

determination of the recreational capacity of the territory;

identification of negative transformations in geosystems associated with the development of recreational areas.

recreational nature management geographical study

II. Growth stage of RP scale:

It is characterized by the expansion and complication of the recreational impact on the environment, the strengthening of the technogenic component in the territorial recreational systems, the development of the processes of concentration of recreational functions with the formation of recreational agglomerations, the intensification of contradictions between the RP and non-recreational types of nature management. At this stage, such topical areas of geographical research are being put forward as a generalization of the results of recreational and environmental monitoring, the rationale for the rational territorial differentiation of the RP, the creation of new resources, and the search for ways to form new recreational needs in order to optimize the process of resource consumption.

III. Stage of RP stagnation.

There is a stabilization of the recreational flow, the process of diversifying the structure of recreational activities slows down, the growth of recreational enterprises stops, conflict situations in the Republic of Poland are aggravated, significant environmental violations are recorded in the process of resource and environmental use. Geography is faced with the following tasks:

1.analysis of the causes and factors of stagnation in the RP;

2. Identification of shifts in the motivation of recreational activities of the population;

3. optimization of the quality of the recreational environment;

4. substantiation of the change in the recreational functions of the territory;

5.assessment of the degree of disturbance of natural complexes as a result of recreational impact.

IV. Stage of degradation (reduction and disappearance) of RP.

It occurs as a result of the deterioration of the quality of the recreational environment due to the depletion of recreational resources of natural or anthropogenic origin, the growth of non-recreational types of nature management, the inconsistency of the structure and quality of the recreational potential of the territory with the changed recreational needs of society. A characteristic manifestation of the degradation stage is a sharp reduction in the variety of recreational activities and the narrowing of the functions of the territory, for example, in suburban areas - from places of long rest to places of weekly rest, from places of weekly rest to places of daily rest. The task of geographical research at this stage is to substantiate alternative options for the development of RP processes and its technological, economic, social and environmental optimization.

The territorial approach to the study of the RP consists in considering the forms of the territorial organization of the RP, which, in our opinion, requires the introduction of the concept of a recreational-ecological region (RER). Being a complex anthropocentric ecological-socio-economic system, the RER is distinguished by its territorial and structural-genetic unity and the general type of RP. When identifying a regional type of RP, the prevailing type of nature management, organizational forms and stage of the RP process, the nature of spatial organization, a set and combination of socio-economic and environmental problems are taken into account. Conducting recreational-ecological zoning can be considered as a task of a comprehensive geographical study and, at the same time, as a basis for solving a number of constructive tasks. The achieved level of relationships between the subjects and objects of the RP - a kind of result of the RP - can be assessed by analyzing recreational and environmental situations.

3. The concept, types and features of recreational resources

Recreational resources - natural cultural and historical complexes and their elements that contribute to the restoration and development of the physical and spiritual forces of a person, his ability to work and health, which, with the modern and promising structure of recreational needs and technical and economic possibilities, are used for direct and indirect consumption and production of resort and tourist services.

Recreational activities use resources - natural and man-made processes and phenomena that can be used to meet the needs of the population and the organization of the recreational economy. Recreational resources constitute the most important part of the natural potential; their role in shaping the modern environmental management of the region is constantly increasing, especially from the ecological and geographical point of view. Recreational nature management is aimed at meeting the needs of the population, primarily local, in recreation areas, sanatorium and resort facilities created on the basis of balneological resources, at the development of sports and educational tourism, and mountaineering. The protection and rational use of recreational resources fits into the overall strategy for the rational use of natural resources in the region in the form of a territorial recreational system. Traditionally, the components of natural or cultural landscapes are primarily referred to as recreational resources. Climatic, water, hydro-mineral, forest, mountain, socio-cultural (monuments of history and culture) and other types of resources are distinguished. In recreational nature management, the resource can be the beauty of the landscape and the landscape diversity of the area, the material and spiritual culture of the country, the environmental friendliness of nature, the uniqueness of architecture. When evaluating a recreational resource, its beneficial effect on human health and well-being is taken into account. For example, when assessing climatic conditions, temperature and wind regimes, precipitation regimes are considered; Resources of ultraviolet radiation are of great importance, providing protective reactions of the body. All elements of the weather form its quality in terms of comfort. Among the recreational resources, mineral waters, therapeutic mud, water and forests are very popular. Mineral waters are divided into several groups: mineral waters, the effect of which is determined by the ionic composition and mineralization; carbonic; hydrogen sulfide, etc. Therapeutic mud - peat, sapropel and others, as well as mineral waters, have a healing effect. In Russia, 49 deposits of therapeutic mud are used. Among them, the largest are Lake Shira in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Lake Medvezhye in the Kurgan Region, Uglovoy Bay in the Primorsky Territory. Recreation by the water, on the coasts of the seas, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs has great appeal. Each reservoir has its own problems of recreational use. However, there are also common features, which boil down to water pollution and deterioration of their quality, and thereby reducing the resource potential. Pollution can occur due to industrial and domestic effluents, agricultural and municipal waste, and the activities of vacationers. Recreational nature management is divided into different types according to the time of rest - short-term and long-term, summer and winter; according to the degree of organization - organized and unorganized; by types of resource use - recreational water use, forest management. As a rule, recreational nature management focuses not on one, but on several types of resources. It can be climatic, water, forest resources at the same time. Therefore, types of nature management that use a complex of resources are distinguished: sanatorium-and-spa treatment (climato-, balneo-, mud therapy); health-improving nature management - bathing and beach, walking; sports - sports tourism, mountaineering, fishing, hunting; cognitive tourism - to historical places, travel to other countries; horticultural and summer cottages. From the point of view of recreational forest management, forest cover, species composition, and the presence of a coastal strip are important. The forests of the regions are considered the most suitable for recreation. Central Russia. The forest cover here reaches 30-35%, forests are mixed with undergrowth, usually easily passable, with low swampiness. Forests of different composition of tree species have a wide range of colors and sounds, are distinguished by a variety of undergrowth, which makes their aesthetic-emotional and therapeutic-psychological impact especially beneficial. Forest thickets, interspersed with open spaces of meadows, river floodplains and banks of forest rivers and lakes overgrown with shrubs, with a variety of relief, are the best conditions for recreational nature management in Central Russia. The diversity of the emotional impact of forests of different composition reflects the saying: In a spruce forest to choke, in a birch forest to marry, to work in a pine forest. Most of the recreational resources are almost inexhaustible; they are dynamic: there are types of recreation - water slalom, rally, sports tourism, allowing you to explore new areas of the planet. In a modern, very dynamic life, it is of great importance to have a place for short-term rest during the day, on weekends; in cities, parks, gardens, embankments, and green areas serve this purpose. Landscape art and architecture have deep historical roots. In ancient times, the emperors of China, Japan, and Korea created gardens with artificial grottoes, streams and paths, ornamental trees and shrubs. Of particular interest are the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the idea of which was subsequently used in Italy, Persia, Russia, and is now used in almost unchanged form in Western Europe for planting roofs.

The definition of recreational resources can also be given in the following contexts:

Recreational resources as a result of anthropogenic activity (the impact of man and his activities on nature), which, due to such properties as unique historical and artistic values, originality, aesthetic appeal and healing and health significance, can be used for organized activities;

Recreational resources as a combination of various components, factors of natural and anthropogenic landscapes that create favorable conditions for various types and forms of human activity;

Recreational resources as, to a certain extent, transformed natural conditions and cultural and historical objects, brought to the level of manufacturability under the influence of social needs and the possibility of direct use in recreational services.

Therefore, recreational resources include two types of resources: natural and anthropogenic.

Natural recreational resources are a territorial combination of natural components with functional, temporal and territorial comfort of recreational activities.

The complex nature of recreational activities and the diversity of its links with natural conditions determine the expediency of considering as a natural recreational resource not only the territorial combination of natural components, but also the results of human anthropogenic activity (the so-called anthropogenic factor in ecology).

Recreational resources in the recreational economy act as conditions for recreational activities. In order for natural conditions to become natural resources, it is necessary to spend social labor on their study, assessment and preparation and bringing them to the level of manufacturability necessary for direct use in the recreational economy.

The resource base of tourism is made up of tourist and recreational resources, which are closely interconnected. Tourism resources are understood as a set of natural and artificially created objects suitable for creating a tourist product. As a rule, these resources determine the formation of the tourism business in a particular region.

4. Characteristics of recreational resources from an economic point of view

Tourist and recreational resources are used for health, tourism, sports and educational purposes and are conditionally divided into two groups: natural and infrastructural. The dynamic development of the tourism business requires the presence of both groups. Even with the high attractive properties of natural resources (without communications, means of communication, monuments of culture, art, etc.), the tourism business for a wide range of consumers is impossible. At the same time, despite its social and humane role, tourism modifies the environment. Reducing the damage from the impact of the tourism industry on the environment is regulated at the state and international levels through: environmental education, limiting the tourist and recreational burden on natural resources, tax regulation.

The most important characteristics of recreational resources are the following:

1. volume of reserves (debit of mineral waters; area of recreational territories; excursion potential (in hours) of tourist centers) necessary to determine the potential capacity of territorial and recreational complexes, the level of development, optimization of loads;

2. the area of distribution of resources (the size of aquifers, beaches; forest cover, watering of the territory; the boundaries of a stable snow cover), which makes it possible to determine potential recreational lands, to establish sanitary protection districts;

3. the period of possible exploitation (duration of a favorable climatic period, swimming season, occurrence of a stable snow cover), which determines the seasonality of tourism, the rhythm of tourist flows;

4. territorial immobility of most types of resources, causing the attraction of recreational infrastructure and flows to places of their concentration;

5. relatively low capital intensity and low cost of operating costs, which allows you to quickly create infrastructure and obtain social and economic effects, as well as independently use certain types of resources;

6. the possibility of multiple use, subject to the norms of rational nature management and carrying out the necessary measures for reclamation and improvement.

5. Methodological approaches to the assessment of recreational resources

When considering tourist and recreational resources, two types of assessments are most often used: qualitative and quantitative.

Quantification includes:

1) indicators of the volume of reserves necessary to determine the potential capacity of territorial recreational systems, optimize loads;

2) indicators of the area of distribution of resources favorable for recreational use, establishing the boundaries of sanitary districts;

3) the duration of the comfortable season for the use of recreational resources, which determine the seasonality of the use and development of tourism.

A qualitative assessment of recreational resources includes the degree of favorable properties for a certain type or cycle of recreational activities: expressiveness, contrast, majesty, the ability of natural recreational resources to evoke positive emotions.

The cost of recreational resources, as well as natural ones, should generally be determined in the same way as the cost of the country's national wealth, and it is necessary to make an adjustment for the recreational value of the territory. The economic parameters of the products of recreational activities and the economic evaluation of recreational resources are closely related to the type of resource, its quality, distance from the area of demand, technology of use, and the state of the environment. Consequently, the economic evaluation of recreational resources should be a system of indicators reflecting the economic results of recreational activities, taking into account their qualitative properties.

The multifaceted role of tourism in the life of modern society (especially the growing economic efficiency of the industry) put forward the development of a methodology for their comprehensive (including economic) assessment among the main tasks of the scientific study of recreational resources.

The purpose of economic assessment is the need to objectively reflect what the national economy and society as a whole loses when a recreational resource is destroyed or its use is abandoned in the territory where this resource is intended for other economic activities.

It is very difficult to answer this question: firstly, because this resource can be unique and its quality and value cannot be replaced; secondly, in a number of cases the interests of the society and * the individual do not coincide, which can lead to the irretrievable loss of the resource as part of the national wealth.

In this regard, society as a whole every time faces a choice: how to use this or that territory more efficiently, regardless of its saturation with recreational resources; which of the forms of economic use of the territory should be preferred; which industries complement each other best when using the same territory; what combination of industries is unacceptable from the point of view of the use of recreational resources, since it leads to a significant reduction in the economic effect?

The economic effect of recreational activities is manifested, on the one hand, in the effectiveness of the functioning of institutions for treatment, recreation and tourism, and on the other hand, in the development of the national economy of the country as a whole. In this regard, in practice, depending on the purpose, two main types of assessments are used: sectoral (from the position of the recreational industry) and national economic (from the position of the whole society). The sectoral assessment is based on a comparison of the costs and incomes of the industry, and the national economic assessment is based on social costs and the benefit to society from the use of recreational resources.

To date, dozens of different methods for calculating the economic valuation of recreational resources have been proposed. One of them, in particular, was proposed by American specialists: it takes as a basis the amount of expenses incurred by vacationers. Others take into account only the transport costs of recreants on the way to the place of rest and back, since they make up the bulk of the costs. This approach is based on a pattern identified by M. Klaus in the USA, which confirms the close relationship between distance, transport costs and the number of visits to a tourist center (for example, an increase in transport costs by $ 1 reduces the number of visits per thousand spectators to the nearest tourist center area from 500 to 400, from the middle distance from 1200 to 800 and from the far area from 100 visits to 0). Based on this pattern, the cost of the recreational resources of a given tourist center can be taken as the difference between the transport costs for a tourist trip to and from the place of rest and its total costs, multiplied by the number of vacationers during the year.

6. The problem of economic evaluation of natural recreational resources

Recently, the attention of most specialists in various fields of science has been drawn to the issues of recreation development: economists, ecologists, physicians, geographers. Recreational activities are aimed at restoring a person's health, his physical, and most importantly, spiritual strength.

The main problem is that it is quite difficult to economically evaluate natural recreational resources. To date, approaches to the assessment of the resources under consideration based on the scoring method have been mainly developed. However, scoring methods do not enjoy unconditional recognition, since they are not devoid of subjectivity and do not provide calculated indicators that are amenable to economic analysis. At the same time, many characteristics of natural resources can only be measured by relative values, such as the cognitive value of a landscape. Therefore, where the use of quantitative methods is not yet possible or they have not yet been developed, the use of scoring methods is the only possible method of assessment.

The cadastre should become the basis for determining the economic evaluation of natural recreational resources. An analysis of domestic and foreign experience in the field of creating cadastres shows that the cadastral valuation system underlies the management of many of the natural resources, namely: land, water, forests, and minerals. The cadastre comes from the Latin word "capitastum" - a register, list, document compiled by an official body or institution - and is a systematic set of data that includes a qualitative and quantitative inventory of objects or phenomena with their economic (environmental-socio-economic) assessment ; data on the dynamics and degree of their study with the application of cartographic and statistical materials; recommendations on the use of objects or phenomena, proposals for measures to protect them, indications of the need for further research, etc. The cadastral system for recording and evaluating natural resources effectively ensures the accumulation and operational use of vast amounts of information. In general, the cadastre should reflect not only data on the natural state of the resource, but also contain an estimated characteristic of its use. The urgent problems of nature management are such that the cadastre cannot perform only a registration role. In market conditions, the content and structure of the cadastre must meet the requirements of economic and environmental efficiency in the use of resources. The greatest difficulties are associated with the determination of the composition of the cadastre indicators, the selection and calculation of technical and economic parameters, and the determination of the evaluation criterion. Qualitative and quantitative indicators serve as the basis for the grouping and classification of natural resources. At the same time, the estimated data should be comparable and provide the possibility of natural and economic zoning. Thus, the methodological basis of the cadastre is a combination of accounting and estimated indicators of production and economic content. The main task in this case is to ensure the protection of natural resources and increase the efficiency of its use.

When developing a methodology for compiling a particular cadastre, it is necessary to keep in mind the frequency or continuity of its updating and replenishment. This requirement is most evident in the example of the water cadastre: the expansion of groundwater information is ongoing and, therefore, it is necessary to constantly update the available data. To the same extent, this applies to mineral resources, the reserves of which and the number of deposits in the course of geological exploration are constantly changing.

Despite the fact that cadastral registration itself already contains the requirement to streamline data and systematize them, however, the purposeful end-to-end classification of material in methodological terms is an independent task, isolated from others. In the practice of creating cadastres, the issue of their classification basis has not yet been fully resolved. For example, when developing a cadastre of building mineral raw materials, the recognition of the importance of the classification structure led to its compilation as a classifier cadastre. The task of classification is a logical operation of distributing objects, phenomena, properties into classes in accordance with their inherent fixed set of features. In other words, it is one of the forms of bringing information into the system. In general methodological terms, it consists in determining the necessary and sufficient conditions for identifying the belonging of each classified object to a given class. The cadastre should be considered as the result and result of the analysis, systematization and generalization of geographical or geological, technological and technical and economic information about the state of the resource, culminating in the receipt of cadastral estimates. The completeness of the information base of the cadastre is ensured by the coverage of all deposits and manifestations of natural resources. At the same time, the economic assessment (the list of indicators, the procedure for their establishment, the evaluation criterion) methodically and practically turns out to be the most difficult stage of work. In particular, this applies to natural recreational resources, the issues of economic evaluation of which are extremely poorly developed. An economic assessment is possible only for those recreational resources, the economic effect of which can be measured: for mineral waters, therapeutic mud, ozocerite, forests, surface waters, natural national parks. The main indicators of the socio-economic efficiency of the use of natural healing resources are: the economic effect of the recovery of one recreant; the effect of the resort use of 1m3 of various types of medical resources (on its basis, the total effect of the development of the entire deposit is determined); a general reduction in temporary disability within a year after the recovery of one recreant; the number of conditionally released workers by reducing the loss of working time during the year after recovery in sanatoriums; saving money to pay for temporary disability certificates for recreants within a year after sanatorium-and-spa treatment.

Existing methods for estimating natural resources, such as the method of rent valuations (based on differential rent), valuation by development costs, etc., are practically inapplicable to natural recreational resources, since they evaluate resources from the point of view of their industrial and agricultural use - according to the final products. Therefore, the problem of economic assessment of the resources under consideration using the cadastre of natural recreational resources has become especially urgent, which, based on the accounting and estimated indicators of a geographical, environmental and economic nature, will solve the problem of rational environmental management in combination with meeting the recreational needs of the population.

7. Economic evaluation of recreational resources as the basis for rational nature management

In modern conditions, active work is being carried out to create a perfect economic mechanism for nature management, the main ways of forming an incentive mechanism are determined, the most important elements of which are economic assessment, price, payment for the use of natural resources.

The economic evaluation of natural recreational resources is one of the complex and undeveloped problems of economic science. For a long period, natural resources were outside the scope of the system of economic evaluations. This is due to the fact that the concept of free natural resources was widely used.

The theoretical foundations of the economic evaluation of natural resources are given by K. Marx in "Capital". His theory of land rent is valid for all natural resources, including recreational ones. The essence of the economic evaluation of natural resources is determined by the specifics of their use value, interpreted, on the one hand, as utility, on the other hand, as a carrier of value and a material element of wealth. The usefulness of an object is determined by preference, as a result of which the uncertainty of choice is eliminated. At the same time, the usefulness of the same plot of land for the development of various industries is not the same. For recreational resources to become use value, there must be a social need for them, for products and services that can be obtained by involving these resources in the recreational process.

At the same time, recreational resources may not have a social use value if their consumption does not ensure the proper saving of working time and money. This happens if landslide-prone areas are developed for recreational development, requiring expensive engineering protection facilities and additional anti-landslide measures, while there are sites whose preparation for construction is not associated with such costs. In this case, the recreational resource acts as a carrier of value, limiting labor costs. Consequently, the use value of individual resources can serve as a limiter in the distribution of social labor and determine the amount of expedient expenditure of working time. In this case, the exchange value of natural resources manifests itself through the distribution of social labor: for example, when the use costs of individual resources, for example, land, used in agriculture, construction, industry, recreational development, act as restrictions.

The economic assessment of natural resources can be made at the cost of replacing the estimated natural resource with a similar one elsewhere. This takes into account development costs and increased transport costs. But for agricultural, industrial and other uses of natural resources, it is not difficult to find equivalents in other areas to meet the needs for them. The unique nature of Crimea's natural resources for recreation and the limited nature of its territory make the use value of Crimea's recreational potential very high, which is confirmed by sociological studies. It would seem that the functioning of the recreational infrastructure of the Crimean resort should bring a high economic benefit to the national economy of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, and contribute to the expansion of resort services for vacationers.

However, the existing management system does not stimulate the rational use of the natural resources of Crimea: the rent arising from the use of unique natural resources and the functioning of recreational infrastructure does not fall into the budget of resort cities, but is dispersed between the sectors of the economy whose health facilities are located in Crimea. Resort towns, having received land for use, have practically no income and, naturally, are not interested in their resort use, development, and restoration of recreational resources. It is much more profitable for the city to develop local industry, any other economic use of the territory that generates income, except for recreation.

At the same time, many cities and towns on the southern coast of Crimea are exclusively resorts (for example, the city of Alupka), i.e. have only recreational resources, and, giving them free of charge to the use of health resorts, they do not have the opportunity to maintain these resources at least at the stage of self-regulation. As a result, recreational resources are losing their health-improving qualities, and recreational infrastructure is hopelessly behind modern requirements.

In recreation, as in other resource-intensive industries, natural resources are the main "means of production", i.e. restoration of vitality occurs on the basis of the use of natural resources. Therefore, a fee similar to that in other areas of management should be established for recreational resources.

For the economic evaluation of natural resources, the rental and so-called cost concept can be applied: only those resources have value for the development and maintenance of which social labor has been expended. According to this approach, the value of natural resources corresponds to the socially necessary labor costs for the preservation and restoration of their use value, i.e. a natural resource that is expensive to develop or that, due to degradation, requires a lot to restore, will be valued more than a similar resource that is in better condition or more convenient to develop. In this situation, the saved labor costs in the development of the best or average quality resources are not taken into account.

...

1. Recreational resources and their distribution on the planet. Problems of rational use.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Japan.

3. Explanation on the maps of the directions of the main oil cargo flows.

Recreational resources are: firstly, objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment; secondly - cultural and historical sights.

The first group includes: sea coasts, banks of rivers and lakes, mountains, forests, outcrops of mineral springs and therapeutic mud.

In these places, vacationers and tourists find the greatest diversity and picturesque natural landscapes, richness of vegetation, salubrious climate, good opportunities for recreation, sports, hunting, fishing, etc.

The main forms of natural and recreational areas: green areas around big cities, nature reserves, national parks.

For your information: there are more than 2.5 thousand large nature reserves, reserves, natural and national parks in the world, which together occupy an area of over 4 million square meters. km or 2.7% of the earth's land.

In Africa:

· the largest national parks: Serengeti, Kruger;

Reserves: Selous, Central Kalahari.

In North America:

· the largest national parks: Yellowstone, Wood Buffalo, Kluane, Cumbres de Monterey;

Reserves: Death Valley, Noatak.

In South America:

· the largest national parks: Manu, Iguazu;

Reserves: Islas Guitecas.

In Eurasia:

· the largest national parks: Gauja, Low Tatras, Taman-Negara, Meshchersky;

· Reserves: Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Kostomukshsky, Astrakhansky.

The second group includes monuments of history, archeology, architecture and art.

For your information: The Moscow Kremlin, Peterhof near St. Petersburg, Westminster in London, the Versailles Palace and Park complex near Paris, the Roman Colosseum, the Athenian Acropolis, the Egyptian pyramids, the Taj Mahal tomb in Agra (India), the world's largest museums are annually visited by millions of people .

The countries where favorable natural conditions are combined with cultural and historical sights have the richest recreational resources. These are countries such as Italy, Spain, Greece, Egypt, Turkey, Israel, Tunisia, France, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, India, Mexico, Bulgaria, Thailand, etc.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Japan.

Japan, which the Japanese themselves call the Land of the Rising Sun, is one of the economic leaders of the modern world.

Territory area - 372 thousand square meters. km.

The capital is Tokyo.

The form of government is a constitutional monarchy.

The form of administrative-territorial division is a federation.

Economic and geographical characteristics of the country:

1) economic and geographical position: Japan is located on the eastern coast of Eurasia. This state is an archipelago located on 4 large islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu) and almost 4 thousand small ones.

It is washed from the west by the Sea of Japan, from the east by the Pacific Ocean.

The country is located at the crossroads of the sea routes of the Asia-Pacific region, which provides great opportunities for its participation in the international geographical division of labor.

2) natural conditions and resources are poor:

Relief: mountainous, lowlands occupy less than 1/2 of the area;

· mineral resources: poor; only local resources;

Soils: brown forest soils, yellow soils, red soils;

· land resources: depleted; most of the land is occupied by industrial development, arable land and pastures;

climate: climatic zones: subtropical and temperate monsoon; temperatures: summer +16 - + 24 degrees, winter -8 - +8 degrees; rainfall - 500-3000 mm;

· agro-climatic resources: favorable for growing rice, vegetables, tea;

· waters: numerous rapids small rivers;

· water resources: used to generate electricity and irrigate fields; resource availability of total river flow per capita is 2.5-5 thousand cubic meters per year (average value);

forests: monsoon;

· forest resources: occupy 2/3 of the territory;

· Resources of the World Ocean: near the Japanese islands, coal, iron ore and natural gas are mined from the bottom of the sea. The energy of ebbs and flows, ocean currents, sun and wind is used.

3) population:

a) number - 125 million people;

b) population density - large - 300 people per sq. km. km, most of the inhabitants are on the coasts;

c) type of reproduction - II; fertility, mortality, natural increase - low;

d) there are more women than men;

e) general aging of the population; the highest average life expectancy in the world - about 80 years;

f) national composition - 99% Japanese;

g) religion - Buddhism, Shintoism;

g) the level of urbanization - 76% of the population.

Major cities: Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya; the agglomerations formed around them together form the largest megalopolis of Tokaido (the average population density is 800-1000 people per sq. km);

h) labor resources - highly qualified; more are employed in the non-manufacturing sector, less in agriculture and fisheries.

4) economy:

Japan is the 2nd industrial power of the world, ranks 3rd in terms of exports of products after the USA and Germany.

Conditions that influenced the development of the country:

Development of a well-thought-out national strategy for economic development, taking into account local conditions;

Combination of large mass production with small supplier enterprises;

Purchase and implementation of scientific and technical inventions;

High level of education system;

Limitation of military spending;

Traditional hard work of the Japanese.

a) industry:

· ferrous metallurgy: I place in the world; enterprises are located on the coast for the convenience of delivering imported raw materials;

· non-ferrous metallurgy: aluminum smelting;

Automotive - I place in the world, automobile concerns "Toyota", "Nissan", "Honda";

shipbuilding: provides about 1/2 of the ships of the foreign world;

· energy: nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants predominate;

· chemical and petrochemical: on the coast and near ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy plants;

· electrotechnical and electronic: 80% of the world production of VCRs; televisions, radio engineering, computers, etc.;

b) agriculture: provides almost 3/4 of the population's needs for food.

The main industry is crop production (rice, wheat, soybeans, vegetables).

Animal husbandry - its share is gradually increasing (fishing, breeding of fish, shellfish, algae). Japan ranks first in the world in terms of fish catch.

c) transport: all types are developed, except for river and pipeline transport; 90% of domestic traffic is by road transport. Marine View ranks first in the world in terms of carrying capacity.

5) internal differences:

Eastern part of Honshu Island: high population density, urbanization, concentration of industrial production;

Southern Honshu and northern Kyushu: lower economic development and industrial concentration;

Southern Kyushu and Hokkaido: the least developed part of the country.

6) external economic relations: Japan is a member of the international community "Big Seven", the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

The country is in 2nd place in the world in terms of foreign trade, is one of the largest exporters of capital.

3. Explanation on the maps of the directions of the main oil cargo flows.

First: we determine the main leading countries in oil production using the Energy of the World map, they are: Russia, USA, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, China, Mexico, Venezuela, Kuwait, UAE, Nigeria, Norway.

Secondly, we find on the same map the oil exporting countries: the states of the Persian Gulf (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Iran, Iraq), Venezuela, Russia, Norway, Nigeria, Mexico, North Africa (Algeria, Libya).

Thirdly: using the same map, we identify oil importing (importing) countries: Japan, the states of Western Europe, the USA.

From the above data, the following conclusion can be drawn: the main oil exporters are developing countries, and the developed countries are importers, despite the fact that oil production is carried out in both.

This can be explained in this way:

1) poverty or lack of oil reserves in developed countries; for example: the USA, Western Europe, China, although they produce a large amount of oil, do not fully cover their needs in it;

2) "conservation" of their reserves;

3) the use of cheaper raw materials.

Ticket number 12

Natural recreational resources are a complex of physical, biological and energy-informational elements and forces of nature that are used in the process of restoration and development of the physical and spiritual forces of a person, his ability to work and health. Natural and recreational resources - objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment. As can be seen from the definition, this type of resource is allocated not according to the peculiarities of origin, but according to the nature of use. Almost all natural resources have recreational and tourist potential, but the degree of its use is different and depends on the recreational demand and specialization of the region. Recreational resources are assessed on the basis of a factor-by-factor assessment of each of the components: relief, water bodies and soil and vegetation cover, bioclimate, hydro-mineral and unique natural healing resources, historical and cultural potential, etc., considered from the point of view of using it by a specific type of tourism.

Recreational tourism can be divided into several types:

Tourist and recreational type

Cognitive-tourist type

Natural recreational resources can be grouped by: origin; types of recreational use; exhaustion rates (fast exhaustible, slowly exhaustible, inexhaustible); possibilities of self-healing and cultivation (renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable); opportunities for economic replenishment (replaceable, irreplaceable); the possibility of replacing one resource with another.

In recent years, attention to natural resources has increased in terms of their use for active recreation of the population and health-improving, preventive and medical measures. The transition of the country to market relations raised the issues of exploitation of resort areas in a new way, as well as the development of the capabilities of the components of the natural environment directly for medical purposes. There are areas in Russia where recreational activity is the defining industry in the structure of their social reproduction. It includes a network of recreational enterprises and organizations.

Indiscriminate tourism has already destroyed many unique corners of nature. Therefore, the process of recreation as a kind of nature management has to be managed. Preservation and development of specially protected natural areas (parks) is one of the priorities of the state environmental and recreational policy of the Russian Federation. Specially protected natural areas are designed to preserve typical and unique natural landscapes, the diversity of flora and fauna, and the protection of natural and cultural heritage sites. Completely or partially withdrawn from economic use, they have a special protection regime, and protected zones or districts with a regulated economic activity regime can be created on adjacent land and water areas. Specially protected natural territories are objects of national heritage.

The main forms of natural and recreational resources are "green zones" around big cities, nature reserves, national parks. These territories are especially exposed to the influence of human society and require special attention and protection. Reserves are a natural area (or water area) that is completely excluded from economic use for the protection and study of the natural complex as a whole. One of the main tasks of the reserves is the preservation of natural landscapes, typical or unique for the area. A more liberal form of protected areas is the reserve, where only certain types of economic activity are permanently or temporarily prohibited. Usually it is created for the protection of one or many species of animals or plants: it is forbidden to collect plants, hunt, fish for several years or for a certain season, different for different types of animals and plants. The next type of protected area is national parks. In world practice, the organization of such territories is widely used, where the tasks of nature protection and controlled recreation, most often educational tourism, are combined on landscapes little touched by man. Usually in national parks there are unique natural and other objects. Some allow farming for local needs.

At present, along with the territories under consideration, natural monuments have begun to be distinguished, which are understood as sightseeing areas of the territory or water area with a protected landscape (lake, floodplain, grove of rare trees, etc.) or a separate protected natural object (waterfall, cave, unique tree, etc.). etc.).

The problems of recreational resources are dealt with by recreational geography, which studies the geographical patterns of human activity outside working hours: rest or recreation. Such type of human activity as tourism is associated with recreational resources. In countries where tourism is especially highly developed, natural and recreational resources are combined with cultural and historical attractions.

Recreation as a specific sphere of human activity and the corresponding infrastructure has developed historically recently with an increase in the productivity of social labor and with the development of transport, cheaper and faster travel, with social gains - the right to paid vacation.

Tourism is one of the most effective ways to meet recreational needs. It combines not only recreation, health improvement, but also cultural and educational activities and communication (the latter is often expressed in the form of scientific conferences, special cultural programs, business contacts). Excursion tourism with a pre-announced cultural program is widespread. Depending on the purpose of travel, tourism is divided into sports, amateur, with social purposes, business (fairs, congresses), religious, etc. Depending on the means of transportation, tourism is distinguished by water, pedestrian, railway, horseback, ski, bicycle, motorcycle and car tourism.

TRS includes:

1) the contingent of recreants visiting this territory for purely recreational purposes;
2) natural objects, a combination of the natural conditions of the territory, favorable for various types of recreation and tourism;
3) a set of historical and cultural objects as a resource for educational tourism;
4) the system of recreational institutions proper, providing accommodation for recreants, their treatment, rehabilitation, as well as organizing the provision of recreational services, sometimes mistakenly called tourism infrastructure, while in fact this is the main structure of the industry. And the infrastructure is:
5) institutions serving recreants - public catering, trade, public transport, petrol and car repair stations, consumer services, cultural and entertainment institutions;
6) enterprises of sectors of the economy, fully or partially working to satisfy the demand of tourists for locally produced goods - agricultural products, food industry, souvenir production, printing products, tourist recreational equipment, clothing;
7) personnel of employees of institutions associated in whole or in part with servicing recreants.

The geography of recreation and tourism conducts research at different levels. The problems of international tourism have been studied in sufficient detail, mainly on the basis of statistical data on a national scale. At the same time, such indicators as the total number of tourists in the country, the ratio of domestic and inbound tourism, inbound and outbound tourism are analyzed. The time of stay in the place of rest is better to conduct in man-days. Important indicators of the development of the industry in the country are: the share of tourism income in GNP, in the export of goods and services, the share in consumer spending of the population, tourism spending, the share of tourism in investments, in foreign exchange and tax revenues, in the number of employees, specific income from tourism per capita, the ratio of the number of tourists arriving per year or staying at the same time and the local population. The data on the balance of people who come to the country and go on vacation outside of its borders are indicative. It is related to the balance of income and expenditure from tourism. In pre-revolutionary Russia, as in modern Russia, the negative balance in the tourism item in the balance of payments "eats" the entire positive balance of foreign trade.

Previously, recreational-geographical research was aimed at identifying new territories suitable for recreation, designing the development of a network of recreational institutions in them, designed to eliminate their acute shortage, to provide standards for providing the population with services. Now the task is different - to identify and mobilize territorial resources that can attract solvent demand for recreational services, to find ways to expand the range of services provided in order to increase tourism income, and increase the number of jobs. This also applies to the district with an already established recreational specialization, and to such districts and cities where the development of inbound tourism, including compatriots, should contribute to the exit from economic crisis. The demand for outbound tourism has also grown, which opens up a field of activity for geographers in servicing institutions related to satisfying this demand and training specialists.

Recreational resources are resources of all kinds that can be used to meet the needs of the population in recreation and tourism. On the basis of recreational resources, it is possible to organize branches of the economy specializing in recreational services.

Recreational resources include:

Natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, reservoirs, vegetation, wildlife);
- cultural and historical sights;
- the economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.

Recreational resources are a set of elements of natural, natural-technical and socio-economic geosystems, which, with the appropriate development of productive forces, can be used to organize a recreational economy. Recreational resources, in addition to natural objects, include any types of matter, energy, information, which are the basis for the functioning, development, and stable existence of the recreational system. Recreational resources are one of the prerequisites for the formation of a separate branch of the economy - the recreational economy.

In the modern world, recreational resources have acquired great importance, that is, the resources of natural areas as recreation, treatment and tourism areas. Of course, these resources cannot be called purely natural, since they also include objects of anthropogenic origin, primarily historical and architectural monuments (for example, the palace and park ensembles of Petrodvorets near St. Petersburg and Versailles near Paris, the Roman Colosseum, the Acropolis of Athens, Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China, etc.). But the basis of recreational resources is still natural elements: sea coasts, river banks, forests, mountainous regions, etc.

The growing flow of people "to nature" (recreational explosion) is the result of the scientific and technological revolution, which, figuratively speaking, unloaded our muscles, strained our nerves and tore us away from nature. Every country in the world has some kind of recreational resources. A person is attracted not only by the beaches of the Mediterranean, Tropical Africa and the Hawaiian Islands, the Crimea and Transcaucasia, but also by the mountains: the Andes and the Himalayas, the Pamirs and the Tien Shan, the Alps and the Caucasus.

Classification of recreational resources in balneology:

1. Elementary resources: climate resources; natural landscape components (landscape types, degree of landscape comfort, etc.); temporary (seasons of the year); spatial-territorial (geographical latitudes, solar radiation and ultraviolet radiation zones);
2. Hydrographic elementary resources: water; monuments of nature - open reservoirs, springs, etc.;
3. Hydromineral elemental resources: medicinal mineral waters; healing mud; healing clays; other medicinal natural resources;
4. Forest elementary resources: state forest fund; natural reserve fund, etc.; urban forests (on the lands of urban settlements), forests - natural monuments, etc.;
5. Orographic elementary resources: mountainous areas; flat areas; rough terrain; health-improving areas and resorts;
6. Biological elemental resources:
a. biofauna;
b. bioflora;
7. Socio-cultural elementary resources: components of the cultural landscape (ethnos, folk epic, folk cuisine, folk crafts, museums, art galleries, panoramas, cultural monuments of various forms of ownership, etc.); range of recreation facilities (clubs, palaces of culture, discos, restaurants, bars, nightclubs, casinos, bowling, slot machine halls, etc.);
8. Road transport elementary resources:
a. air transport: the presence of the nearest major airport, a convenient schedule for the arrival and departure of aircraft;
b. rail transport: state of development of the rail network; convenient schedule of arrival and departure of trains;
c. road transport: state of development and quality of the road network; availability and convenient operation of gas stations, service stations, catering and consumer services;
9. Labor elementary resources (medical, technical and service personnel, provision of departmental housing and hostels, home ownership; mortgage lending for the purchase of housing, etc.);
10. Communication elementary resources (state of development of communication services, radio, long-distance public telephone, polyprogram television, relay stations: Internet, cell phone);
11. Elementary health resources: the development of the municipal and private health care systems to provide emergency qualified medical care; obligatory and voluntary medical insurance services; the level of professional training of medical personnel of sanatorium-resort organizations, the required composition of medical specialists; availability of a license, etc.;
12. The level of development of elementary resources of the banking system and its availability;
13. Energy elementary resources;
14. Elementary service resources: hairdressing and beauty salons, beauty salons; atelier for tailoring and repairing clothes; dry cleaning; laundry; shops, etc.;
15. Elementary resources for sports leisure (gyms, sports halls, sauna with a swimming pool, sports grounds, etc.).

Natural recreational resources

According to the classifications adopted in the economics of nature management, based on the dual nature of the concept of "natural resources", reflecting their natural origin, on the one hand, and economic significance, on the other, natural recreational resources can be grouped according to:

Origin;
- types of recreational use;
- exhaustion rates (fast exhaustible, slowly exhaustible, inexhaustible);
- possibilities of self-healing and cultivation (renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable);
- opportunities for economic replenishment (replaceable, irreplaceable);
- the possibility of replacing one resource with another.

All natural recreational resources - physical, biological and energy-informational, organically united among themselves and inextricably linked by flows of matter and energy, form complex recreational resources, or resources of natural-territorial recreational complexes, which are divided into natural-continental and natural-aquatic.

Varieties of natural recreational resources

Among the recreational and tourism resources, the role and importance of natural recreational resources is especially great.

They are divided into:

1) climatic;
2) geomorphological;
3) hydrological;
4) hydromineral;
5) soil and vegetable;
6) faunistic.

A special place among them is occupied by landscape and natural resources, which are complex recreational resources.

Climatic recreational resources.

Climatic recreational resources are meteorological elements or their combinations that have medical and biological properties and are used in the recreation process.

This type of recreational resources is fundamental. Certain types of climate contribute to an effective increase in the physical and spiritual strength of a person, both by themselves and in combination with other natural resources that can be classified as recreational in the region. In this sense, climatic recreational resources can have a regional aspect.

The impact of climate on the human body is called bioclimate. In accordance with this, bioclimatic parameters differ from ordinary meteorological characteristics, since they represent a complex effect of the meteorological characteristics of air masses on the human body: temperature, wind speed, humidity, and pressure.

To assess the bioclimate, all bioclimatic parameters are considered according to the degree of their favorable effect on the human body. At the same time, unfavorable factors that have an increased load on the adaptive systems of the human body are called annoying. Meteorological conditions, leading to less pronounced tension of adaptive mechanisms in the human body, are called training. In general, they are relatively favorable, and for most people who do not suffer from serious illnesses, they are useful conditions that have a training effect. Sparing climatic conditions are favorable for all people without exception, including for weakened patients who are on medical rest in a sanatorium or resort.

The categorization of medical and climatic conditions provides scientifically based criteria for recommendations to the population when developing new territories, choosing a place of residence, planning and designing the profile of resort areas, organizing a sanatorium-resort process, increasing the effectiveness of sanatorium-resort treatment and organizing recreational recreation.

The thermal regime is characterized by the duration of periods: frost-free, favorable for summer recreation; favorable for winter recreation; bathing period; as well as the heat sensation of a person in the cold and winter period for the provision of heat in the warm period.

The period favorable for winter recreation is established when the average daily temperature reaches -5°C, but not lower than -25°C, while all types of winter recreation are possible. The period favorable for summer recreation is determined by the number of days with an average daily temperature above + 15 ° C, while all types of summer recreation become possible.

The duration of the swimming season is determined by the number of days with water temperatures above +17 °C. On the territory of Russia, the duration of the swimming season varies from 30 to 120 days a year. humidity mode. The bioclimate takes into account two main characteristics of humidity: relative and absolute. For recreational purposes, daytime relative humidity is important. In winter, relative humidity is high almost everywhere, its diurnal variation is not pronounced, “wet” days prevail with a humidity of about 70%. In the warm period, nighttime humidity values \u200b\u200bare quite high: 70–80%. On some "dry" days, the humidity during the day drops to 30% or less. Most often "dry" days are observed in May. In general, a relative humidity of 40-60% is favorable for human health. Prolonged humidity of less than 30% has a drying effect on the skin. However, there is a certain contingent of patients suffering from nephritis, for whom treatment in a dry climate is vital.

Such an uncomfortable phenomenon as closeness is associated with absolute humidity. It is observed in the warm season, when the moisture content is very high. Stuffiness is especially difficult to tolerate if accompanied by thermal overheating - hygrothermal discomfort develops; it negatively affects those suffering from diseases of the cardiovascular system, bronchial asthma. In the summer months, strong stuffiness is characteristic of the Black Sea and Caspian coasts of the Caucasus. Precipitation mode. In winter, the duration of the snow cover determines the suitability of the territory for ski tourism. In summer, it is not so much the amount of precipitation itself that matters, but the frequency of rainy weather, which hinders tourist activities. A rainy day is considered to be a day when more than 3 mm of precipitation falls (in the daytime), however, this is a relative value.

Geomorphological recreational resources are a combination of elements, forms and types of relief that have different genesis, age and evolution, have scientific, medical-biological and psychological-aesthetic value and are used to meet the needs of people in recreation.

The involvement of geomorphological resources in the process of recreational activities can be different in nature:

1) as an element of attractiveness can be perceived visually;
2) as a base for the placement of recreational facilities can be used without their direct expenditure, as a result of which geomorphological recreational resources are affected, changed and degraded.

The conditions for recreational activities are largely determined by the features of the relief. The nature of the relief (the degree of its vertical and horizontal division, the steepness and exposure of the slopes, the intensity of the manifestation of modern relief-forming processes) affects many types of recreational activities, determines the aesthetic properties of landscapes, sunlight conditions, and construction opportunities. Each type of relief corresponds to a certain type of recreational specialization. For health-improving rest, both functionally and aesthetically, the most favorable is rugged terrain, but with minor excesses. Therefore, as a rule, health-improving institutions are located either in the flat areas, or in the foothill (200–400 m) and in the tukogorny (400–1000 m) Chistyak.

For recreational purposes, the most favorable is a large-hilly or ridge relief; relatively favorable slightly hilly and undulating terrain; a flat flat surface is unfavorable, because from the point of view of the aesthetics of landscape perception, a monotonous relief is uninteresting, and also functionally of little use.

Territories prone to landslides and erosion are unfavorable. This circumstance must be taken into account when building recreational facilities.

Recreational resources of Russia

Objects and phenomena of nature, as well as human activities that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment, are called recreational resources.

The recreational potential of Russia is great. Natural recreational resources (seas, rivers, lakes, mineral waters, picturesque landscapes, etc.) are very diverse. But climatic conditions, environmental problems, underdevelopment of infrastructure significantly reduce the possibility of their full use. At the same time, large territories in Russia are actually not affected by civilization. Demand for such territories around the world is constantly growing.

Monuments of history and culture of Russia were badly damaged in the 20th century. Their restoration requires large financial investments.

The largest recreational areas of Russia are the North Caucasus, Central and North-West.

The North Caucasian region is, first of all, the sanatorium-resort complexes of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk) and the Black Sea coast (Anapa, Gelendzhik, Sochi), as well as Dombay, Arkhyz, Teberda, etc. The area has favorable natural conditions for summer recreation, mountaineering, skiing, treatment. For example, Anapa is the sunniest place on the Black Sea coast (the average annual number of sunny days is 317), a children's resort of all-Russian significance. Sochi - the largest resort in Russia - stretches along the sea coast for 150 km. Pyatigorsk is called a unique natural museum of mineral waters, as it has over 40 mineral springs.

The central region is especially attractive with numerous monuments of history and culture. A unique complex of cultural and historical objects - the "Golden Ring of Russia".

In particular, Sergiev Posad (known since 1340) has been the center of Russian Orthodoxy for many years, Rostov is famous for its Kremlin complex, bells, enamel, Suzdal is a museum city of world significance, Vladimir has been the most important city of Russian principalities for more than 150 years.

There are many ancient Russian cities in the region (Smolensk, Murom, Tula, Ryazan, Kolomna, Dmitrov, etc.), Russian monasteries that played a big role in the defense of the country, education, development of new lands (Nilova Pustyn, Serafimo-Diveevsky, Optina Pustyn , Voskresensky New Jerusalem, Savvino-Sto-Rozhevsky, Bryansky Svensky, Pafnutiev Borovsky and others). Here are the fields of Russian glory - Kulikovo and Borodino, centers of wonderful folk art crafts - Zhostovo, Gzhel, Fedoskino, Khokhloma, Palekh, etc., places associated with the work of cultural figures, art, science - Bolshoye Boddino, Polenovo, Yasnaya Polyana , Konstantinovo, Abramtsevo and many others.

The North-Western region is, first of all, St. Petersburg and its environs - the famous palace and park complexes (Lomonosov, Gatchina, Pushkin, Pavlovsk, Petrodvorets). No less interesting are Pskov, Pushkin places (Pskov region), Veliky Novgorod, Valaam and Kizhi, Solovetsky Islands, Pskov-Caves, Alexander-Svirsky and Tikhvin Bogoroditsky monasteries, monuments of Veliky Ustyug, Kargopol and much more.

Of course, the recreational resources of Russia are not limited to the three named areas. No less attractive are the Urals with its unique caves (Divya, Kapova, Kungurskaya), rivers, art craft centers, Altai (Lake Teletskoye, Chuisky tract, etc.), Baikal, Kamchatka, Primorsky Krai, Yenisei and much more.

The World Heritage Center (part of UNESCO) maintains a List of World Heritage Sites.

Russia is represented in this document by the following cultural and historical monuments:

Moscow Kremlin and Red Square.
The historical center of St. Petersburg and the palace and park ensembles of its environs.
Kizhi churchyard.
Historical monuments of Veliky Novgorod and its environs.
Cultural and historical complex of the Solovetsky Islands.
White-stone monuments of Vladimir-Suzdal land.
Ensemble of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye.
Pechoro-Ilychsky reserve and the national natural park "Yugyd va".

Recreational resources of the Caucasus

Geographical position

The Caucasus is located in the southwest of Russia. From the east it borders on the waters of the Caspian Sea, in the west - on the waters of the Black Sea, in the south the border passes with Georgia and Azerbaijan, and in the north with Ukraine, the Central Black Earth and Volga regions. With the composition of the Caucasian region, three recreational areas are distinguished: the Caucasian-Black Sea, North Caucasian, Mountainous Caucasian and two areas of Azov and Caspian. Administratively, the Caucasus includes the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, the Rostov Region, the republics: Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia-Alania, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Dagestan.

Natural complexes

According to the relief, the territory of the region is divided into flat northern, high-mountainous southern, foothill-elevated central and stepped-seaside western and eastern.

The sea beaches of the Black Sea and Caspian coasts stretch for almost 900 km. The beaches of the Black Sea coast are intensively used, where the pebble type prevails (with the exception of the vast sandy beaches of Anapa). The sandy beaches of the Caspian Sea are still in the main reserve resort "virgin land". Due to the lack of beaches, a system of hydraulic structures has been created to protect natural beaches (this problem is especially acute for the Black Sea coast) and allow the construction of artificial beaches and artificial swimming pools.

According to the conditions of the relief, the North Caucasus region is divided into two parts: the southwestern (near Kislovodsk) mid-mountain, dissected by deep valleys and gorges, and the northeastern - piedmont-plain with a group of mountains - laccoliths. The latter are partly covered with forests and are a good natural base for the organization of health paths and short-range tourism routes.

The relief of the Gorno-Kavkazsky region allows you to make tourist routes and climbing ascents of all categories of difficulty. Among the peaks of the Caucasus there are nine peaks of the sixth category of difficulty, the criteria of which are the technical complexity of the ascent and the length of the traverse and about 30 peaks exceeding 4000 m. the highest requirements.

Climatic conditions allow for effective climate treatment, contribute to a long season of health-improving rest. The longest comfortable period of recreation in the Black Sea subtropics. The temperature of sea water during this period, as a rule, does not fall below 18-19 °.

The climate of the mountainous regions in winter contributes to the organization of skiing (the duration of stable snow cover at an altitude of 2000 m is up to 5 months). The development of skiing is facilitated by a long (four to five months, in the highlands - up to seven months) occurrence of snow cover and its height (50-100 cm), as well as an abundance of sunny days in calm weather. But such areas are quite clearly localized, which limits the possibilities when choosing a territory for the mass development of skiing. Big problems are caused by the wide distribution of avalanche areas.

In general, the climate of the region is warm, temperate continental. The average January temperatures are -4°, the average July temperatures are +22°. The duration of the period with an average daily air temperature above 5° is 220 days. The number of days with strong wind (more than 15 m/s) is 50. Precipitation is 450-600 mm per year (including 250-350 mm in summer).

The population experiences an excess of biologically active ultraviolet radiation in summer, as well as the influence of uncomfortable hot weather. Therefore, the Caucasus itself acts as a powerful center for the formation of recreational needs.

The rivers are typically mountainous, with a high flow rate; they began to be used for water slalom lessons. A network of recreational reservoirs (swimming, boating) with a total area of 105 hectares has been created near the resort towns. There are two gondola-type cable cars.

The main natural wealth of the region is mineral springs. They have long been used to treat a variety of ailments. At the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, 130 sources were identified, of which more than 90 are being developed. The total debit is from 10 million liters of water per day. The mineral waters of the Caucasus are represented by the following main types: 1) carbonic, 2) nitrogen alkaline thermal of various ionic composition (mainly sodium), 3) nitrogen, nitrogen-methane and methane.

Pyatigorsk occupies the first place among the resorts in terms of the number of springs and the variety of types of mineral water. According to the chemical composition, five types of mineral waters are distinguished in Pyatigorsk: 1) carbonic hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbonate-sulfate-chloride-calcium-sodium hot, warm and cold waters used for bathing and drinking; 2) carbonic non-hydrogen sulphide drinking warm and cold waters; 3) carbonic acid-free ferrous drinking waters; 4) radon waters used both for baths and for drinking; 5) carbonic hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium drinking water.

The springs of Kislovodsk are cold, carbonic, bicarbonate-sulfate-calcium, relatively homogeneous in composition, differ in the content of sulfates and are used for baths and drinking cures.

In Essentuki, all springs are cold, but differ in chemical composition: 1) carbonic hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium drinking (No. 4 and 17); 2) carbon dioxide-hydrogen sulfide hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium used for baths (No. 1 and 2); 3) hydrogen sulfide and hydrocarbonate-sulfate-sodium-potassium baths; (Gaaz-Ponamarevskiy source); 4) sulfate-bicarbonate-calcium-sodium drinking and outdoor (No. 20).

The waters of Zheleznovodsk differ little from one another in chemical composition, but their temperature varies from 16 to 55°. They belong to the type of hydrocarbonate-sulfate-sodium-calcium waters and are used for drinking and bathing (springs No. 1, "Slavyansky", "Smirnovsky").

At the resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, the therapeutic silt mud of the Tambukan Lake is widely used. The lake is located 11 km from Pyatigorsk, its water is highly saturated with sodium salts (up to 60 g per 1 liter), potassium, magnesium, contains compounds of chlorine, sulfur and other elements.

Vegetation in the centers of sanatorium treatment and recreation is mainly artificial plantations, among which there are many exotic species. In areas of mountain sports recreation, in places adjacent to sea resorts, natural forests are located: beech, pine, fir, spruce-fir and spruce.

Plowed spaces of the steppe belt prevail in the northern territory of the region. Plantings of parks and squares are distinguished by a great variety. Forests and parks occupy 7% of the territory, they are of great importance for the formation of mineral springs and are widely used as a walking fund. Resort parks are an excellent example of anthropogenic landscapes of multifunctional use: for dosed walks, for accommodating the main general resort facilities (mineral baths, pump rooms, museums, etc.).

The Caucasus specializes in the organization of sanatorium treatment, recreational seaside recreation, mountain sports and sightseeing and educational recreation.

On the basis of mineral springs in the foothills of the North Caucasus, the sanatorium-resort association Caucasian Mineral Waters was formed.

Health-improving rest is carried out with the help of boarding houses, houses and recreation centers. On their basis, two largest recreational associations were formed in the Black Sea-Caucasian region - Greater Sochi and Gelendzhik - Tuapse.

Sports recreation is carried out using tourist bases and climbing camps. Of the 125 tourist routes, 88 can be defined as sports (78 mountain tourism and 10 ski). The Gorno-Kavkazsky region stands out as the largest sports and recreational specialization.

Excursion and educational recreation is carried out on tourist routes using camp sites located in the cultural, historical and industrial centers of the Caucasus.

The contingent of vacationers varies depending on the specialization of the districts. If in Dombai, a well-known mountain and sports center in the Caucasus, the leading group of vacationers are young people aged 16-24 years (about 51%), then in Kislovodsk, a system of medical and sanatorium type, people over 40 years old make up about 50%. At the well-known children's resort of Anapa, the leading group is vacationers aged 30-39 years (more than 45%), among which parents with children predominate. A group of vacationers aged 25-39 stands out in Sochi, where family vacations are also typical.

The length of stay of vacationers in different functional areas is not the same. The most typical groups are those whose rest lasts from 12 to 30 days, which corresponds to the length of stay in holiday homes, camp sites and sanatoriums. A stay of more than 30 days was recorded at children's resorts and at the resorts of Kislovodsk and Essentuki. Cities with a predominance of recreational recreation are characterized by a high proportion of vacationers with a stay of less than 20 days (Sochi - 53%, Tuapse - 54%).

Cultural and historical monuments belong to different eras and are characterized by a wide variety of styles, due to the ancient culture of the peoples of the Caucasus.

The objects of excursions in the Caucasus are also the memorials of the heroic defense of the Caucasus (Malaya Zemlya, Novorossiysk - the hero city), well-preserved areas of folk crafts, numerous literary-memorial and historical-cultural museums.

In recent years, in the areas of resorts and places of tourism, the souvenir industry has developed, handicrafts are being restored; factories producing tourist equipment, equipment for recreational enterprises were built. It has developed its own construction base, the industry of building materials, which allows the development of resorts.

Caucasian-Black Sea region

The region covers the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus from Anapa to Batumi. This is one of the most developed recreational areas of the country: here the total capacity of recreational enterprises is the highest in the country.

The enterprises of the region are focused on serving the population from other regions of the country, including the most distant ones - Siberian and Far East.

The all-Russian specialization of the region can be defined as medical and health-improving.

The region stretches along the coast and represents an almost continuous strip of resort towns and resort villages (Anapa, Tuapse, Sochi, etc.), interconnected by an electrified railway, highway and flights of pleasure boats and motor ships. The region receives about 7 million people a year, and the workload is growing rapidly.

The climate of the Black Sea coast is divided into two types: "northern" (from Anapa to Tuapse) and "southern" (from Tuapse to Adler). The first is continental with clear, dry, hot summers and rainy, relatively cold winters with strong winds (Bora). Second – subtropical with humid summers and warm winters Average January temperature: -4 to +5, July: +22…+24.

There are large resort formations in the rank of microdistricts in the region. Among them, the leading position is occupied by Greater Sochi, Anapa and Gelendzhik.

Anapa is located at the junction of the spurs of the Caucasus, the plains and the Black Sea coast. The main resort street of Anapa is Pionersky Prospekt, which stretches along the sea for 5 km. All major health resorts are located on both sides. The beaches are mostly sandy, 1/5 are pebbly. The depth of the sea increases very gradually, but the sea is polluted. The swimming season is from May to September-October.

Tourist attractions: Abrau-Durso - high mountains, a mountain lake and the first factory of sparkling wines in Russia. Anapa Dolphinarium in the village of Bolshoy Utrish - performances with the participation of dolphins and fur seals. "Wines of Anapa" - winery named after Lenin (with tasting). Therapeutic "Mud Volcanoes" on the Taman Peninsula, 75 km from Anapa. Archaeological Museum of Gorgippia. The Russian Gates are the remains of a Turkish fortress built in 1783. Regional Museum. Park of the 30th anniversary of the Victory. Aquarium. Exhibition "Animal World". Yacht Club. Diving center "Aqua-globe".

Two recreational areas near Anapa: the Sukko Valley and the village of Vityazevo.

The Gelendzhik resort area stretches for 102 km and includes coastal climatic resorts: Kabardinka, Gelendzhik, Divnomorskoye, Dzhanhot, Praskoveevka, Beta, Arkhipo-Osipovka.

Tourist attractions: dolmens on the Zhana River, on the Mikhailovsky Pass, the Parus rock, the Emerald waterfall on the Zhana River, the Bigius waterfalls, the Tsarsky barrow. "Captain Vrungel" - theme park. Aquapark "Golden Bay" - the largest in Russia. Pitsunda pine forest.

The issues of recreational development of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus often rest on the insufficient equipment of resort complexes with engineering and technical facilities (transport network, engineering communications, water supply, water treatment facilities), the need for bank protection works, and the lack of labor resources.

On the territory of the region, medical and health-improving cycles of recreational activities are implemented with the greatest efficiency. The first of them is distinguished by an even distribution of vacationers throughout the year, the second has a clearly pronounced seasonal outbreak - the typical bathing season for it (water temperature 18 ° or more) usually lasts from mid-May to the end of October. During the swimming season, sharp drops in water temperature (up to 15 ° per day) can be observed, caused by offshore winds. In the same season, the excitement usually does not exceed 2-2.5 points. On the entire coast, winter is considered very mild, and in this respect the region has no analogues in Russia. Unlike other southern coastal regions, the Caucasian-Black Sea region is characterized by a significantly higher amount of precipitation.

The main recreational resources of the region are the sea and beaches. At the same time, their high development is currently typical only for the territory of resort cities - Greater Sochi, Anapa, Tuapse and the villages adjacent to them. A significant part of the Black Sea coast has not yet been developed.

There are large reserves of balneological resources on the territory of the region. Among the mineral springs, Matsesta waters are most intensively used - hydrogen sulfide sodium chloride waters of various mineralization and with various concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, containing lithium, nitrogen and a small amount of carbon dioxide.

Resources of therapeutic mud are concentrated in the northern part of the region. For the purposes of spa treatment in Anapa and Gelendzhik, silt and silt-clay therapeutic muds from the lake are used. Chemburgsky and imported mud from the lake. Golubnitsky.

The Tuapse resort microdistrict stretches along the Black Sea coast for 60 km.

One of the largest recreational connections in Russia - Big Sochi consists of six large recreational complexes (Lazarevskoye, Dagomys, Sochi, Matsesta, Khosta, Adler). They differ in the level of development and recreational functions. At the same time, it is an integral entity, a single TRS. Adler has one of the largest airports in Russia, serving all the resorts of Greater Sochi.

At present, Greater Sochi stretches for more than 140 km along the coastline. On its territory there are more than 50 sanatoriums, about 40 boarding houses and rest houses, numerous recreation centers and pioneer camps.

This largest health complex in the country, annually passes about 3 million vacationers and more than 300 thousand people who come for treatment, in addition, over 2.5 million sightseers and sports tourists over 100 thousand people. Many athletes (footballers, cyclists, athletes, etc.) undergo pre-season training here. This is a prominent cultural center of the country - film festivals are held here every year.

At the same time, Greater Sochi is a place of short-term recreation for residents of the Krasnodar Territory, especially cities located far from the sea (Krasnodar, Maykop, Armavir, Kropotkin, etc.).

A large recreational and economic complex has been formed and continues to develop here, in which over 90% of the able-bodied population is already employed. At the same time, there are more than 28 thousand medical personnel in Greater Sochi alone. The main part of the temporary population is made up of vacationers who arrived without vouchers (about 70%). It is typical that of the total number of tourists, about 60% arrive by plane and only 38% by rail. The role of motor transport is insignificant (2%).

The most important natural resources used in Greater Sochi are the climate, the sea with beaches and mineral waters. Especially difficult problems arise in connection with the use of beaches. Currently, there are 22 city beaches in Sochi, designed for the simultaneous reception of 4.4 thousand people. However, in fact, their one-time workload reaches 9.5 thousand people. In recent years, work has been underway to create artificial beaches; more than 6 km of artificial beaches have been created on the section between Tuapse and Adler. Within individual districts, the area of beaches is unevenly distributed: Lazarevskoye accounts for 20%, Dagomys - 2.2, Central Sochi - 32.3, Khosta - 1.5, Adler - 44%.

Tourist attractions: Riviera and Arboretum parks, Zmeykovsky waterfalls, Promitea rock, monkey nursery, Krasnaya Polyana, Vorontsov caves, trout farm, yew-boxwood grove, Mount Akhun, rafting on the Mzymta River, dolphinarium.

North Caucasus region

It originated on the basis of mineral water deposits, combined with a comfortable moderately warm mid-mountain climate. The structure of recreational enterprises is dominated by sanatoriums (84% of places). The basis of the district is a constellation of resort towns with a major transport hub Mineralnye Vody.

This is one of the largest recreational therapeutic compounds in Russia, including the resort towns of Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk and the city of Mineralnye Vody.

The Caucasian Mineralnye Vody resort performs numerous functions. This is the largest medical complex with high efficiency of treatment (over 99% of those treated in sanatoriums of resorts were discharged with improved health); excursion tourism center, where 21 all-Russian routes pass; a short-term recreation area and one of the cultural centers of the Stavropol Territory. It should be noted that each resort of the Caucasian Mineral Waters has remarkable sightseeing objects.

There is an intensive exchange of excursions between the city resorts. Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk are the most attractive in terms of excursions.

The organization of treatment is the main branch of the district's economy, which employs more than 60% of the entire able-bodied population of cities.

The Pyatigorsk resort specializes in the treatment of digestive organs, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, as well as nervous, gynecological, and skin diseases. The specialization of the Kislovodsk resort is the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In Essentuki and Zheleznovodsk, mainly diseases of the digestive system are treated.

More than 1.5 million people arrive in this area every year. Of these, more than 400 thousand people receive a full range of services on vouchers, more than 200 thousand people are treated according to coursework, there are still 500 thousand people who stay in hotels, rent rooms from the local population, eat in canteens and have the opportunity to drink mineral water , carry out climatotherapy, use health paths, etc. In addition, more than 450 thousand tourists come annually, staying in resort cities for two or three days, while the average stay of those being treated at resorts is more than 20 days.

In order to provide resorts with mineral water, in addition to drilling sites, a system of mineral water pipelines is being created that supplies water to resort cities from distant sources. In 1974, there were four main mineral water pipelines with a total length of 100 km.

Gorno-Kavkazsky district

The main type of enterprises are tourist bases (65% of the final fund of the region), connected with each other and neighboring Caucasian regions by a system of tourist routes.

The main ski centers of the country are concentrated in the region (25% of the tow ropes, pendulum and chair roads of the country), the main part of mountaineering camps (70% of the all-Russian number of places), a large number of tourist bases (15% of the places of the all-Russian fund). Thus, skiing and mountain tourism determine the all-Russian specialization of this recreational area. It is assumed that the priority of these types of recreational activities will continue in the future.

In addition to the Dombay-Arkhyz microdistrict, it is planned to create five more mountain tourist microdistricts: the Elbrus region, the high-mountainous part of Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia and two complexes in Dagestan.

In the future, the Mountainous Caucasus, apparently, can be considered as a place of educational tourism. There are unique monuments of architecture and culture on the territory of the region. Among them are Byzantine temples of the X-XI centuries. in the Teberda region, monuments of folk architecture in Dagestan, etc.

In the Gorno-Kavkazsky region, a system of recreational complexes has been formed. Among them, the Dombay glade, Arkhyz and Elbrus region occupy the leading role.

Dombay glade is a territorial-recreational system of a mountain-tourist type. It is used as an all-Russian center of mountain and sports tourism; All-Russian Alpine Skiing Center, functioning from January to April; all-Russian climbing center; excursion center for the population of the North Caucasus and treated at the resorts of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody (maximum distance 6-7 hours); Sunday rest place for residents of Kabardino-Balkaria, Stavropol and Krasnodar regions (maximum distance 4-5 hours).

The period of stay in Dombay glade with transit routes does not exceed 4-6 days. Partially, Dombay is used as a center of radial routes (Chukhursky and Sofrudzhinsky waterfalls, Alibek glacier, etc. - about 15 radial routes in total).

In Dombay, there are conditions for organizing mountain-tourist routes of all categories of difficulty. There are more than 10 peaks that allow climbing the fifth category of difficulty, and mountain passes located at an altitude of about 3000 thousand meters and differing in difficulty categories from 1A to 3A.

In Dombay there are hotels, a camp site and a village for service personnel. A well-maintained highway connects Dombai with the Teberda resort and the Northern Shelter. There is a chairlift with a length of about 1.7 km.

Arkhyz is an emerging territorial and recreational system of a mountain-tourist type.

Arkhyz is used as a center of all-Russian tourist significance (3 all-Russian, 4 regional and 10 category routes for amateur tourists pass through it); all-Russian center of mountain skiing; excursion center for the population of the North Caucasus and the resorts of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody; weekend recreation area for residents of the Stavropol Territory and nearby areas.

The period of stay in Arkhyz of tourists of planned routes does not exceed 6-7 days. Some of the routes are built in such a way that Arkhyz is the center of radial exits to the valleys of Kizgych, Sofia, Baritnaya Balka, the Sofia Lakes, the Sofia Glacier and other places. The underdevelopment of the material and technical base, the relatively large distance from the main highway Nevinnomyssk-Teberda and the lack of asphalt pavement on a 20 km section of the road lead to the fact that the flow of tourists here is 4 times less than in Dombay.

Alpine lakes, of which there are about 80 in Arkhyz, have a special aesthetic value; 25% of the entire territory of Arkhyz is occupied by forests: deciduous (25%), fir (40%) and pine (30%).

Many sightseeing objects are unique. These are the Alan settlement in the Lower Arkhyz and burial grounds in the upper reaches of the Krivoi gully, the Northern Temple of the 10th-11th centuries, an 800-year-old fir in the Kizgych valley, bison.

Now there are five capital buildings and a tent camp of the camp site, a three-story building, wooden and slate houses of the camp site. In addition, there are several departmental recreation centers that operate only in the summer. In Nizhny Arkhyz, a children's tourist base is located in the capital stone buildings of the former monastery. Tourist bases in Arkhyz have their own liquid fuel power plants and a public service system.

Azovsky district

This young recreational health area occupies the northeastern and eastern coasts of the Sea of Azov. Proximity to large industrial centers predetermined the orientation of the region to the organization of medical and recreational recreation for the population. The youth of the region and its proximity to the traditional health-improving regions of the country have led to a relatively low proportion of sanatoriums, rest houses and tourist establishments. The number of resorts of republican significance here is small, recreation institutions of local importance predominate. More than 900 thousand people have a rest in the region every year.

In general, among the western coastal regions of the South of the European part of Russia, the Azov region is distinguished by the least development. This determines its position as a kind of “reserve” area for organizing recreation not only for industrial areas gravitating towards it, but also for a number of deep regions of the European territory of Russia. However, its development is associated with significant costs for recreational reclamation works (watering and afforestation).

The coast is also the main place for short-term recreation of the urban population. The geography of places of short-term rest is rapidly expanding. Thus, the coast of the Taganrog Bay plays the role of a suburban area for Taganrog, Azov and Yeysk; Temryuk Bay and the east coast - for Krasnodar.

Several resorts have developed in the region - Yeysk, Primorsko-Akhtarsk. However, they are still underdeveloped. It can be assumed that some of them will move to a higher rank in the near future.

It is possible that as a result of further development of the coast, separate resort areas will merge into a single resort strip.

The capacity of resort areas along the Azov coast of the Krasnodar Territory of Russia is 550 thousand places. The profile of the resorts available here is medical and health-improving. Territories that are unfavorable for health-improving purposes are reserved for nature reserves and sanctuaries (the swampy lowlands of the Kuban Sea of Azov).

Leading are medical and health-improving complexes of occupations. The resorts treat diseases of the circulatory system, digestive and respiratory organs, nervous system, etc.

A group of amateur vacationers are attracted here not only by good beaches and a warm sea, but also by early vegetables and fruits. The number of amateur vacationers is about 350 thousand people. The maximum of their arrival coincides with the maximum (July - August) of the arrival of organized vacationers.

Eight all-Russian (of which four are family) and six main local routes pass through the territory of the district with a total capacity of about 30 thousand people a year. The number of people served by excursions is about 2 million people. The topics of excursions are connected with the history of culture, the past and present of cities, with the Great Patriotic War, archaeological monuments and natural attractions.

The duration of the period with an average daily temperature above 15° is five months. The swimming season lasts more than four months.

Numerous spits with good beaches have a length of several tens of kilometers with a relatively small width (from 0.5 to 1.5-2 km). In general, the length of the Azov coast is about 1500 km.

The reserves of mud and brine are also large, where their thickness reaches 0.5-0.6 m and more. The geological reserves of mud range from several tens to hundreds of thousands of cubic meters, but several times less is used. Resorts mastered silt (sodium chloride, hydrocarbonate, hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium, etc.) mud. Part of the mud deposits is used by the local population or transported for resort mud therapy to other regions of the country. There are more than 15 deposits of mineral waters, including thermal ones; chloride-sodium and calcium-sodium with salinity from 2 to 35 g/l and more and a total flow rate of more than 40 l/s prevail.

The Sea of Azov is distinguished by the richness and diversity of the species composition of fish. The floodplains of the Kuban stand out for their unusual nature (near Primorsko-Akhtarsk there are unique thickets of the Indian lotus, which attract many tourists here).

A significant obstacle to further recreational development of the region is the problem of water supply. The area belongs to an arid zone, experiencing a shortage of water sources, especially for drinking purposes.

Expansion of the recreational network is possible only with significant engineering and technical measures. So, in order to combat abrasion-landslide-landslide processes, as a result of which the quality deteriorates and the areas of beaches are reduced, it is necessary to carry out bank protection works and build beach storage facilities. In addition to the creation of technical structures, measures such as a ban on the massive collection of sand from beaches and spits in places of landslides and landslides are also necessary.

The Caspian coastal area is one of the most promising for the development of swimming and beach activities in combination with mountain sports and medical due to its natural conditions and convenient territorial position in relation to areas with high recreational demand. The development of the Caspian coast for recreation requires, as for many other areas of zone I, great efforts. This, in turn, raises the question of finding new forms of managing the design of the district as a whole.

Tourist and recreational resources

Recreation (Polish rekreacja - rest, from Latin recreatio - restoration):

1) holidays, vacations, change at school (obsolete).
2) Rest room (obsolete).
3) Rest, restoration of human strength expended in the labor process.

In this sense, the term "Recreation" has been used since the 60s. 20th century in the literature on physiological, medical, socio-economic, architectural and construction, and other problems of organizing recreation for the population. In cases where rest is combined with treatment, for example, in sanatoriums, recreation without clear boundaries merges with the restoration of health, treatment. Recreation is characterized by the amount of time within which the restoration of forces takes place, and by activities consciously or instinctively aimed at this restoration.

Recreational resources are understood as a set of natural and artificially created objects suitable for creating a tourist product. As a rule, recreational resources determine the formation of the tourism business in a particular region. These resources have the following main properties: attractiveness (attractiveness), climatic conditions, accessibility, degree of study, excursion significance, socio-demographic characteristics, potential reserve, method of use, etc., these resources are used for health, tourism, sports and educational purposes.

The main types of recreational resources include:

1) coasts of warm seas;
2) banks of rivers, lakes and reservoirs;
3) forest and meadow areas;
4) foothills and mountainous countries;
5) cities - capitals. Cultural and historical recreational centers;
6) resort towns or resort areas;
7) religious and religious complexes and individual structures located within and outside settlements; ancient cities, fortifications (cave cities, fortresses, etc.), catacombs.

An important role as tourist and recreational resources is played by monuments of world cultural heritage - the most valuable objects of nature, history and culture, which are under the protection of UNESCO.

Recreational resources can be conditionally divided into natural and socio-economic (socio-cultural).

Natural tourism resources are classified:

By belonging to certain components of the natural environment (climatic, water, forest, etc.);
by functional purpose (health, cognitive);
by exhaustibility (exhaustible: objects of hunting, fishing and inexhaustible: sun, sea water);
by renewability (renewable: plants, animals and non-renewable: therapeutic mud, cultural monuments).

Socio-economic resources include:

Cultural and historical objects (monuments and memorable places, museums, architectural ensembles);
cultural and historical phenomena (ethnographic, religious);
economic (financial, infrastructural, labor).

Natural and recreational resources

Natural and recreational resources - objects and phenomena of nature that can be used for recreation, tourism and treatment. As can be seen from the definition, this type of resource is allocated not according to the peculiarities of origin, but according to the nature of use. The main forms of such resources are "green zones" around big cities, nature reserves, national parks. These territories are especially exposed to the influence of human society and require special attention and protection. Reserves are a natural area (or water area) that is completely excluded from economic use for the protection and study of the natural complex as a whole. One of the main tasks of the reserves is the preservation of natural landscapes, typical or unique for the area. A more liberal form of protected areas is the reserve, where only certain types of economic activity are permanently or temporarily prohibited.

Usually it is created for the protection of one or many species of animals or plants: it is forbidden to collect plants, hunt, fish for several years or for a certain season, different for different types of animals and plants. The next type of protected area is national parks. In world practice, the organization of such territories is widely used, where the tasks of nature protection and controlled recreation, most often educational tourism, are combined on slightly disturbed landscapes. Usually in national parks there are unique natural and other objects. Some allow farming for local needs. The world's first Yellowstone National Park was created in the United States in 1872. The largest national parks in terms of area are located in Greenland, Bostvan. Canada, Mongolia and Alaska. In total, there are more than 2.5 thousand large nature reserves, reserves, natural and national parks in the world. They occupy an area of over 4 million km, or 2.7% of the earth's land.

Cultural and historical recreational resources

In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources, which are the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for the organization of cultural and educational types of recreational activities, on this basis they optimize recreational activities in general, performing quite serious educational functions. The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the direction of excursion routes.

Among the cultural and historical objects, the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are most attractive and, on this basis, serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of cognitive and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, historical and cultural monuments are divided into 5 main types: history, archeology, urban planning and architecture, art, documentary monuments.

Monuments of history

These may include buildings, structures, memorial sites and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, as well as with the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the life of prominent people of the state.

Monuments of archeology

These are settlements, mounds, remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, sections of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.

Monuments of urban planning and architecture

The following objects are most characteristic of them: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, quarters, squares, streets, remains of the ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements, civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related works of monumental, fine arts, arts and crafts, garden and park art, suburban landscapes.

Monuments of art

These include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied and other types of art.

Documentary monuments

These are acts of state authorities and administration, other written and graphic documents, film and photo documents and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, records of folklore and music, rare printed publications.

The cultural and historical premises of the recreational industry include other objects related to the history, culture and modern activities of people: original industrial enterprises, agriculture, transport, theaters, scientific and educational institutions, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, ethnographic and folklore attractions, handicrafts, folk customs, holiday ceremonies, etc.

All objects used in cognitive and cultural recreation are divided into 2 groups - movable and immovable.

The first group consists of art monuments, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be easily moved. The consumption of recreational resources of this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.

The informativeness of cultural and historical objects for recreational purposes can be measured by the amount of necessary and sufficient time for their inspection. You can choose 2 classification features: the degree of organization of the object for display and the location of the sightseers in relation to the object of inspection.

According to the degree of organization, objects are divided into specially organized and unorganized for display. Organized objects require more inspection time, as they are the purpose of the inspection and form the basis of the excursion. Unorganized objects serve as an accompanying excursion with a general plan, a background that is captured at one glance without detailed consideration.

According to the location of the tourists, objects are divided into interior (internal inspection of the object) and exterior (external inspection of the object).

Thus, recreational resources are considered as one of the factors in the development of tourism and the basis for planning the production of a tourism product.

Since recreational resources are extremely unevenly distributed on the planet, an increasing number of people go on a journey with recreational goals and motives. These recreational trips (medical, health-improving, educational, sports) have become the basis for the development of recreational tourism. Recreational aspects are always present in business tourism (business tourism, congress tourism, shopping tourism).

Types of recreational resources

As mentioned above, the following types of recreational resources are distinguished: resort, health, sports and sightseeing tourism.

Let us dwell in more detail on the excursion and tourist type of recreational resources.

Man's love for wandering originated in ancient times. The ancient Greeks and Romans traveled to experience nature and culture. The outstanding philosophers Aristotle, Democritus and others in their treatises on education pointed out the need to "visit nature", to know it in direct communication. Travels of the Greeks in the VI century. BC. in ancient Egypt with its rich history, the splendor of architectural structures were not uncommon. Heading to Olympia for the Olympic Games, the Greeks watched the life of their country.

In the Middle Ages, during the heyday of Christianity and Islam, another large category of travelers appeared - pilgrims, wanderers in holy places.

Representatives of the Renaissance M. Montel, T. Mor, F. Rabelais saw travel as a means of physical education of young people. Teachers of Western Europe of the 18th century. considered travel as a way to develop the most necessary skills and abilities. J.-J. Rousseau saw campaigns as a means of patriotic education and health promotion.

At the end of the XVII - beginning of the XVIII century. in European countries when studying individual subjects, teachers began to use walking tours and trips to places rich in various sights in working with students. This simplest form of travel is called excursions.

In Russia, the emergence and development of tourism is closely connected with local history. The beginning of local history dates back to the era of Peter's reforms. By decree of Peter I, all curious finds were ordered to be reported directly to the tsar and those who discovered them were to be rewarded for searching for antiquities in their region. The later decrees of Peter I ordered the civil and ecclesiastical authorities to review, rewrite, and deliver to the Senate and the Synod "the former letters of commendation and other curious original letters." Thus, the national significance of local monuments of the past was recognized.

Since 1936, tourism has been transferred to the jurisdiction of trade union organizations. The councils for tourism and excursions created in 1969 carried out a number of important measures to improve the structure of amateur tourism. A wide network of tourist clubs is being created under the jurisdiction of tourism and excursion councils, as well as a network of organizational, methodological, educational and consulting centers for amateur tourism. For tourist clubs, staffs of instructors and senior instructors-methodologists have been allocated.

In 1976, until the 1990s, tourism federations were created under the councils for tourism and excursions - the governing public bodies in amateur tourism.

Despite all the economic difficulties in the country, sports and health tourism has passed the critical point of its decline and a positive trend has been outlined in its development. This became possible thanks to organizational, methodological and financial support from the state committees for physical culture and tourism at all levels, as well as the initiative of the leaders of sports tourism federations and clubs. The main reason for the beginning of the rise of the tourism industry is the desire of socially unprotected segments of the population to solve the problem of their recreation and a healthy lifestyle in a cheap and effective way.

The Ministry of Emergency Situations shows great interest in the tourist movement as a source of personnel and the scope of the latest equipment for action in extreme situations. Many of its staff members are masters of sports and sports tourism instructors. During the preparation of the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", joint activities of the Tourism Development Coordination Department of the State Committee of the Russian Tourism Federation and federal forestry services began to work on the development of tourism in national parks.

Tourism - (French tourisme, from tour - a walk trip), travel in your free time; one of the outdoor activities. It is carried out, as a rule, through tourist organizations along tourist routes (in the form of organized or amateur tourism). It is one of the most effective means of meeting the recreational needs of the population, as it combines health improvement, knowledge, communication, etc. Travel within one's own country is united by the concept of domestic (national) tourism, outside it - foreign (international) tourism. Widespread tourism. Depending on the purpose of travel, tourism is divided into cognitive, sports, suburban, amateur, social tourism, business (fairs, congresses), religious, etc. In international statistics, it is customary to consider tourist trips to resorts and summer cottages, as well as mass short-term trips of teams, individual groups and individuals to special recreation areas. Depending on the means of transportation and the use of certain types of transport, there are: water, foot, ski, horse, rail, bicycle, motorcycle, auto and air tourism; form of mountain tourism - mountaineering.

Different types of tourism are classified: according to the degree of complexity (power hikes), age, social characteristics, types of events, involvement in a particular department, organizational forms, etc.

Planned tourism in our time is turning into an economic industry. Those who wish can buy tickets through tour agencies or numerous travel agencies for traveling by any type of transport in Russia and abroad. Nowadays, traveling abroad has become easier. The mode of transportation in this case can be passive (by plane, train, bus, river and ocean transport, etc.) and active, when a person in a group makes a trip on foot, skiing, kayaking. A positive factor of planned tourism is that you do not have to think about food, equipment, transport. However, it also has negative sides. The group is formed from strangers who may be psychologically incompatible, which often spoils the whole trip or trip. And the cost of vouchers is not affordable for everyone.

In amateur tourism, groups are more often formed from familiar people. They themselves choose the dates of travel and the area of the campaign.

Weekend hikes (PVD) can be one-day trips without overnight stays, two-day trips with overnight stays in settlements or tents. As a rule, they are a walk or excursion into nature, to historical sights, monuments.

The economic efficiency of the functioning of tourism is largely determined by the classification of its forms. The classification of forms of tourism should be understood as their grouping according to homogeneous characteristics, depending on certain practical goals.

Each form of tourism is characterized by the unique needs of tourists and involves an appropriate set of services that meet these needs.

In the production and service process of tourism, there are:

Forms of tourism;
- types of tourism;
- Varieties of forms of tourism.

The need of people for tourism is caused by various motives. The motive as an incentive is connected in tourism with the specific needs of a certain group of people.

The main motives for tourism are:

Recreation, leisure, entertainment;
- the desire for knowledge;
- sports;
- treatment;
- pilgrimage;
- guest (including visiting relatives);
- business (congress).

Motives for tourism depend on many factors. These include: a specific feature of various groups of people, the level of the tourism industry of the host country (region), advertising a new tourism product, reviews of a previously implemented tourism product.

Classification of hikes by means of transportation and location. The most accessible and common are hiking. Participants walk the entire route. Basically, taiga or foothill areas with vegetation are chosen for these trips. Many hiking trails traverse the wetlands. Routes in the Nizhnevartovsk region can serve as an example. Overcoming the swamps in the eastern part of the Nizhnevartovsk region place high demands on the physical and moral preparation of tourists. You can also go skiing. Water trips can be carried out on kayaks, rafts, catamarans. They also require a lot of preparation. Frequent cycling and car trips. Itineraries can be combined, when the participants at the beginning, for example, make a hike, and then rafting.

Classification of trips depending on their purpose. When preparing for a hike, it is important to set the right goal. A group united by one goal is more reliable. Most often, hiking is carried out for a sporting purpose. Participants strive to improve their skills and perform a sports category. There are special requirements for such trips. Students of the faculties of physical culture, carrying out the curriculum on tourism, go on a hike with an educational purpose. The trip complements the educational material in the form of lectures and seminars and enables students to acquire the necessary skills and abilities. Weekend hikes often have an educational purpose and introduce participants to the sights of the area. Hundreds of campaigns are carried out in order to visit places of military and labor glory. (Tourism) Quite often hikes are undertaken for research purposes. Students of geographical, natural and geographical faculties can also go on such a trip with the implementation of the educational goal. Many mineral areas are open on tourist routes. Increasingly, hikes began to be carried out in order to study the ecology of the area.

Cultural and recreational resources

Cultural and historical recreational resources: essence, classification and evaluation stages.

In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources, which are the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for the organization of cultural and educational types of recreational activities, optimize recreational activities in general, performing quite serious educational functions. The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the direction of excursion routes.

Cultural and historical objects are divided into material and spiritual. The material ones cover the totality of the means of production and other material values of society at each historical stage of its development, while the spiritual ones cover the totality of society's achievements in education, science, art, literature, in the organization of state and social life, in work and life.

In fact, not all the legacy of the past refers to cultural and historical resources. It is customary to rank among them only those cultural and historical objects that have been researched and evaluated by scientific methods as having social significance and can be used with existing technical and material capabilities to meet the recreational needs of a certain number of people for a certain time.

Among the cultural and historical objects, the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are most attractive and, on this basis, serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of cognitive and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, monuments of history and culture are divided into five main types: history, archeology, urban planning and architecture, art, documentary monuments.

Monuments of history. These may include buildings, structures, memorial sites and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, as well as with the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the life of prominent people of the state.

Monuments of archeology. These are settlements, mounds, remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, sections of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.

Monuments of urban planning and architecture. The following objects are most characteristic of them: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, quarters, squares, streets, remains of the ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements, civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related works of monumental, fine arts, arts and crafts, garden and park art, suburban landscapes.

Monuments of art. These include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied and other types of art.

documentary monuments. These are acts of state authorities and administration, other written and graphic documents, film and photographic documents and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, folklore and music recordings, and rare printed publications.

The cultural and historical premises of the recreational industry include other objects related to the history, culture and modern activities of people: original industrial enterprises, agriculture, transport, theaters, scientific and educational institutions, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, ethnographic and folklore sights, handicrafts, folk customs, holiday ceremonies, etc.

All objects used in cognitive and cultural recreation are divided into two groups - movable and immovable.

The first group consists of art monuments, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be moved. The consumption of recreational resources of this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.

The second group includes monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology and monumental art and other structures, including those monuments of art that are an integral part of architecture. From the standpoint of cognitive and cultural recreation, it is important that the objects of this group are independent single or group formations.

Analysis of a huge number of heterogeneous objects that make up cultural and historical recreational resources, from the standpoint of the recreational sector of the economy, should include their accounting, characteristics and typology. When taking into account and characterizing cultural and historical objects, it is necessary to indicate the name of the object, its location, marking, owner, literary and other sources on the object, location scheme and give a brief description of the object.

The next, more important stage in the assessment of cultural and historical objects is their typology in terms of recreational significance. The typology is based on the information essence of cultural and historical objects: uniqueness, typicality among objects of this type, cognitive and educational value, attractiveness (external attractiveness).

The informativeness of cultural and historical objects for recreational purposes can be measured by the amount of necessary and sufficient time for their inspection. To determine the time of inspection of the object, it is necessary to classify the object on the basis that would reflect the duration of the inspection. You can choose 2 classification features: the degree of organization of the object for display and the location of the sightseers in relation to the object of inspection.

According to the degree of organization, objects are divided into specially organized and unorganized for display. Organized objects require more time for inspection, as they are the purpose of the inspection and form the basis of the excursion. Unorganized objects serve as an accompanying excursion with a general plan, a background that is captured at one glance without detailed consideration.

According to the location of the tourists, objects are divided into interior (internal inspection of the object) and exterior (external inspection of the object). The total time for viewing exterior objects is always longer than the time for visiting interior objects (perhaps, with the exception of museums and some other repositories of historical values).

Monuments of history and culture and their varieties

Monuments of religious architecture. Monuments of religious architecture are the most ancient ones that have survived to our time. These are churches and monasteries of various confessions (religions): Orthodox churches, Catholic cathedrals, Lutheran churches, Jewish synagogues, Buddhist pagodas, Muslim mosques.

Now, during the revival of religiosity, pilgrimages are becoming very relevant. Travel to cult complexes can be carried out by different groups with different goals. There are several forms of such travel.

Excursion trips - acquaintance with monasteries as objects of Russian culture, with their artistic merits.

Religious tour - an excursion of believers who visit holy places, worship local saints, can take part in worship. At the same time, sightseers are introduced to the history of the monastery, to the clergy who glorified the monastery with their deeds, to the architecture and other artistic merits of this cultural complex.

Pilgrimage is a journey of believers to holy places, caused by the idea that prayer is more effective in such places. Religious people, making a pilgrimage to holy places, stay there for several days, during which they live in a monastery, where they worship holy relics, perform divine services together with the monks, while they eat in the monastery refectory, help the monks in housework or construction.

When visiting holy places, the preservation of the historical landscape plays a huge role. For this purpose, it is planned to organize recreational natural-historical monastic parks, including the territories of monasteries and surrounding environs.

Traditional forms of farming should be revived in the monastery park: organic farming, harvesting mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants, cooking according to old recipes of the monastery cuisine, developing folk crafts and making souvenirs. For children, it is planned to organize Sunday schools and art workshops for the manufacture of iconostases, tiles, icon frames, icon painting, gold embroidery, and so on.

Monuments of secular architecture. Monuments of secular architecture include urban buildings - civil and industrial, as well as suburban palace and park ensembles. Of the most ancient buildings, the Kremlin and boyar chambers have survived to this day. Urban architecture is usually represented by palace buildings, administrative buildings (offices, shopping arcades, noble and merchant meetings, governors' houses), theaters, libraries, universities and hospitals, which were often built at the expense of patrons according to the designs of famous architects. Since the formation of the Yamskaya chase along the roads for royal persons, postal stations and travel palaces have been revived, which have now entered the city limits or stand along the old tracts. Industrial architecture includes buildings of factories and plants, mines, quarries and other structures. Country architecture is represented by estates and palace and park ensembles, such as, for example, Petrodvorets and Pavlovsk in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, Arkhangelskoye and others in the Moscow region.

Archaeological monuments. The archaeological monuments include settlements, mounds, rock paintings, earthen ramparts, ancient quarries, mines, as well as the remains of ancient civilizations and excavations of the earliest periods. Archaeological monuments are of interest to specialists - historians and archaeologists. Tourists are mainly attracted by rock paintings, inspection of exposed archaeological layers, as well as archaeological expositions.

Ethnographic monuments. The ethnographic heritage involved in tourist routes is represented by two types. These are either museum expositions in local history museums, museums of folk life and wooden architecture, or existing settlements that have preserved the features of traditional forms of management, cultural life and rituals inherent in the area.

Museum expositions contain collections of folk costumes, items of peasant life and folk art, typical for the population of certain regions. They introduce tourists to the historical past.

In each area, during the course of historical development, its own special architectural style is formed, associated with the national and natural features of the region. Samples of folk architecture are presented in museums of wooden architecture. They have examples of residential buildings, household services (mills, barns, etc.) and places of worship. Exhibits are brought here from various regions of the region, and in the museum they are in natural conditions close to real. Wooden architecture, in addition, is represented by individual objects in cities and villages.

Interesting ethnographic material is presented by the places of settlement of small peoples. There you can get acquainted with a peculiar culture, various forms of dwellings (plagues, wigwams, sakli and others), rituals, traditions.

Ethnographic monuments are classified as cultural heritage according to the following criteria: uniqueness and originality of ethno-cultural and socio-cultural conditions; compact residence of small peoples and old-timers, where traditional ways, customs and forms of nature management are most fully preserved.

Folk crafts. Folk crafts historically belong to the oldest art forms. Their roots lie in peasant life, folk crafts. Some types of arts and crafts originated in church art and in noble landowner culture. Patterned knitting, weaving and embroidery originate in peasant life. Blacksmithing, woodcarving, prints on fabrics, and many types of pottery are associated with rural crafts. Over time, emerging in individual villages, these crafts, spreading throughout entire regions, turned into crafts.

In the cities, those types of folk crafts were born that were in demand among privileged customers: Kholmogory bone carving, Veliky Ustyug blackened silver. Particularly exquisite types of embroidery developed in the landowner's workshops - a workshop of white smoothness or Nizhny Novgorod guipure.

Crafts were also traditionally presented in monasteries: blacksmithing, carpentry, carpentry - in men's, icon painting and jewelry, in women's they were engaged in artistic embroidery, created embroidered icons, shrouds, air (veil), etc.

The role of folk crafts in the cultural potential of tourism is extremely high. Folk art centers are not only objects of educational tourism, but also the basis of the souvenir industry.

Recreational resources of the world

Recreational resources are divided into natural-recreational and cultural-historical. Natural and recreational include sea and lake coasts, mountainous areas, territories with a comfortable temperature regime, they are used for such types of tourism: beach (Cote d'Azur of France, Italian Riviera, Golden Sands of Bulgaria, islands of the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, Oceania), winter ( Alps, Scandinavian mountains, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Cordillera), ecological (visiting national parks and undeveloped territories).

Resources of the World Ocean. Since the second half of the XX century. Considerable attention is paid to the development of the resources of the World Ocean. The ocean is rich in biological, mineral and energy resources. More than 70 chemical elements are dissolved in sea water, for which it is called "liquid ore". Using the latest technology, some of them are already being removed from the water, in particular bromine, iodine, magnesium, table salt, etc.

The biological resources of the oceans are marine organisms that humans use. There are 180,000 animal species and 20,000 plant species in the Ocean. Fish, marine invertebrates (oysters, crabs), marine mammals (whales, walruses, seals) and seaweeds are of economic importance. So far, they provide the food needs of mankind by only 2%. The shelf zone is the most productive.

The mineral resources of the World Ocean are very diverse. Now oil, natural gas, coal, iron ores, diamonds, gold, amber, etc. are being mined on the ocean shelf. The development of the ocean bed began. Large reserves of iron-manganese raw materials have been found here, significantly exceeding its reserves on land. In addition to the main components, ocean deposits contain more than 20 useful elements: nickel, cobalt, copper, titanium, molybdenum, etc. Technologies for extracting iron-manganese ores from the ocean floor have already been developed in the USA, Japan, Germany and other countries.

The energy resources of the oceans are inexhaustible and diverse. Tidal energy is already being used in France, CILLA, Russia, Japan. A significant reserve is the energy of waves, sea currents, water temperature differences.

In our time, there is a problem of economical use of the wealth of the oceans, the protection of its resources. The world community is especially concerned about the oil pollution of the ocean. After all, only 1 g of oil is enough to destroy life in 1 m3 of water. To preserve the nature of the World Ocean, international agreements are being concluded on the protection of waters from pollution, rules for the use of biological resources, and a ban on testing weapons of mass destruction in the Ocean. Great hopes are placed on the use of truly inexhaustible resources in the future: the energy of the Sun, wind, the internal heat of the Earth, space.

Recreational resource assessment

Recreational assessment of the landscape is carried out on the basis of a factor-by-factor assessment of each of the components of the landscape (relief, water bodies and soil and vegetation cover) in terms of its use in specific types of recreation and tourism.

Relief assessment for therapeutic recreation. For these purposes, both functionally and aesthetically, rough terrain is most favorable, but with minor excesses. Therefore, as a rule, health-improving institutions are built either on flat territories, or in foothill (200-400 m) and low-mountain (400-1000 m) areas, and in exceptional cases - in the lower zone of the middle mountains (1000-1500 m). If there are special natural conditions, therefore, when assessing the territory, it is necessary to indicate the absolute elevation marks of the area.

The degree of dissection of the relief is determined by three parameters: the depth of dissection (relative excess, m), the density of dissection (the distance, km, through which the relief shape changes from convex to concave, and vice versa) and the steepness of the slopes (in degrees).

For health purposes, the most favorable is a large-hilly or ridge relief, relatively favorable - slightly hilly and undulating terrain. A smooth, flat surface is not suitable, since from the aesthetic point of view of landscape perception, a monotonous relief is uninteresting and, moreover, functionally unfavorable.

The characteristics of the relief are especially important when laying health paths.

Terrenkur is a route for dosed walking prescribed for vacationers in sanatoriums in order to train the cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system and respiratory system.

The reference points of the health paths are located near the dormitories, the routes are laid over rough terrain in the form of steps, where horizontal segments alternate with ascents. The higher the category of complexity of the route, the greater its length, the shorter the length of horizontal sections, the steeper the height of the ascent and slopes. Terrenkurs are marked every 100 meters. They must have a cinder cover (drainage made of sand and gravel, covered with crushed sand on top). It is contraindicated to use asphalt, as it is carcinogenic.

Areas subject to landslides and erosion are considered unfavorable. This circumstance must be taken into account when building recreational facilities. In such cases, it is mandatory to conduct engineering-geological surveys: with the study of geological and hydrological conditions.

Terrain assessment for sports hiking. Category hikes (1-6 categories of difficulty) are carried out on the plains, foothills and mountains almost throughout Russia. Route categories are determined by the height of the terrain, the steepness of the slopes, the length of the distance and the presence of obstacles on the route. On the plains, swamps with hummocks located at a distance of less than 1-1.5 m from each other, forest thickets, steep banks of rivers and slopes of ravines with a steepness of 25-40 ° are considered obstacles. When assessing mountain areas, it is necessary to take into account the microclimatic features of the slopes and the degree of their resistance to recreational loads.

Relief assessment for speleotourism. The resources of speleotourism are caves formed as a result of karst deposits.

A karst landscape occurs when readily soluble (karsting) rocks, predominantly limestone, dolomite, gypsum, less often chalk and rock salt, occur on the surface or close to the surface, and are characterized by the presence of closed funnels, "blind beams" and river valleys, caves, lakes, rivers and powerful keys.

Caves are above ground and underground. If the caves extend horizontally and have access to the surface, then they can be used as an object of a guided tour after appropriate equipment and lighting. Such, for example, are the famous Caucasian caves Novoafonskaya, the ice Kungurskaya cave in the Urals. Here, tourists are shown all sorts of bizarre sinter forms in the form of stalactites and stalagmites made of gypsum and ice, as well as underground rivers and lakes. For sports tourism, hard-to-reach caves are used, the underground relief of which can be overcome only with the help of special devices. Most of the caves in Russia are located in the Urals (over 500). There are also caves in the mountains of Siberia (Sayan), Crimea and Volyn are rich in caves.

Aesthetic assessment of the landscape. Tourist routes and institutions are usually built where there are rich natural resources. It is the unique natural landscape or a unique historical monument that especially attracts tourists.

At present, there is no task to give an absolute assessment of the aesthetic qualities of the landscape. The assessment, as a rule, has an applied orientation (mainly for recreation purposes), and is based on a comparison of natural areas in terms of attractiveness. However, the question of reality and the need for evaluation remains open even now. The beauty of nature is objective and independent of anyone's tastes, therefore, it is capable of evoking the same sensations in different subjects. Therefore, attempts to unify systems and evaluation criteria seem to be quite correct. At the same time, aesthetics is considered as the degree of emotional attractiveness of a particular territory.

The landscape is not only the background against which the journey takes place, but also an important component that plays an independent role in recreation.

The picturesqueness of the area is determined by the combination of two or three components of the landscape (rough relief, water body, vegetation cover), the alternation of open and closed spaces (forest, arable land, meadow, swamp), the presence of panoramic views (cliffs, cliffs, open reservoirs) and the color diversity of the landscape .

It is very good when all three components of the landscape are combined, for example, a river in the wooded Carpathians, landscapes of Baikal or Ural lakes, Lena "cheeks" (steep cliffs framed by forest over the wide Lena). But usually it is enough to have two components, for example, a relief of a characteristic shape (hills, valleys, foothills, mountains) and a rich vegetation cover, forest cover and watering, or dissection and watering.

There are cases, however, isolated ones, when only one component of the landscape is enough to form a peculiar landscape, for example, stone seas on high mountain plateaus. Such territories are of extreme interest for viewing, but are unsuitable for the construction of recreational facilities.

Landscape aesthetics can be improved through human intervention. Thus, experienced landscape architects of the past created unique landscape parks that make up palace and park ensembles in the estates of the nobles of the Russian imperial court. In man-made landscapes, picturesqueness of the landscape was achieved by laying alleys, clearing glades, planting trees of various species, taking into account color combinations, building hydroparks in the form of cascades of ponds, waterfalls and canals.

Forest recreational resources

In the structure of the natural resource potential, the area of forests is 10.8 million hectares, of which 9.4 million hectares are forested lands with a total timber reserve of 1.74 billion m3, including 250 million m3 of mature and overripe wood. In addition to their economic value, forests play an extremely important role in the reproduction of oxygen, as well as in preserving the environment and improving the health of the population. The forests of Ukraine perform water protection, protective, sanitary and hygienic and health-improving functions. At the same time, the forest is a source of wood, building materials, raw materials for woodworking, furniture, pulp and paper and other industries.

Forest covers an average of 14% of the territory of Ukraine, including 30-40% in the west and north, more than 40% in the Carpathians, 26.7% in Polissya, 10% in the Crimea, and 4% in the Steppe. Highly productive stands have 75% of forest areas. The annual wood growth is 30 million m3. Coniferous stocks - 54% of wood, including pine - 35% (Polesie). Hardwood stocks - up to 40% (oak - 22%, beech - 13, hornbeam - 2%). Birch, aspen, alder, linden, and poplar predominate among hardwoods. The role of the forest in harvesting berries, mushrooms, fruits, medicinal herbs is great.

Recreational resources

In almost all regions of Ukraine, sanatorium and resort resources dominate among recreational ones. The south of Ukraine (Odessa, Kherson, Nikolaev, Donetsk regions and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea) is world famous for its sanatorium conditions. The southern coast of Crimea is unique in its possibilities. In addition to climatic resources, this area is rich in mud resources for the organization of medical institutions.

An important recreational resource is the Carpathian region with its favorable conditions for organizing both summer and winter recreation. In Svalyava, Sinyava, Ust-Chernaya and other areas there are mineral waters. The Lviv region is especially rich in them (Truskavets, Morshyn, Skhodnitsa, Bolshoy Lyubin, Nemirov). Therapeutic mud is in the village. Black Ivano-Frankivsk and with. Konopkivka, Ternopil region. On the border of the Ternopil and Khmelnytsky regions, powerful reserves of mineral waters of the "Naftusya" type (Satanov, Gusyatin) were discovered.

General problems of protection and rational use of natural resources

The current ecological and economic situation is due to the long-term disregard for the objective laws of the relationship between society and nature and the processes of reproduction of the natural resource potential of our country. The structural orientation of the economy to the needs of the former Soviet economy led to the formation of a powerful resource-extracting complex, environmentally hazardous and capital-intensive. Changing landscapes, the circulation of substances in nature, expensive reclamation and elimination of the consequences of mining activities - this is an incomplete list of "scars" left by us on the surface of the earth.

Geological searches are carried out throughout Ukraine. The scale of industrial development requires a stable supply of mineral resources. The search for new deposits of fuel and various ores is due to a decrease in their extraction in long-developed areas, and in many cases - and the depletion of deposits. Therefore, the implementation of the concept of resource saving in the development of the country's economy is relevant today. Resource saving is to ensure the growth of useful production results with the stability of material costs. Solving regional environmental problems and ensuring efficient nature management and resource conservation require bringing the volume of production and use of Ukraine's natural resources to an optimal state, which requires the transformation of the structure of production of means and objects of labor. On the one hand, this will make it possible to reduce the extraction of iron ore and coal, and on the other hand, it will provide a tangible social effect. Perhaps the most difficult thing now is the formation of active investment activity in the development and development of resource-saving, low-waste and waste-free technologies for the use of raw materials.

Resource conservation in sectors of the economy is manifested in the implementation of a set of priority sectoral and intersectoral measures. They should ensure the growth of the end result, reduce the cost of natural raw materials by introducing the achievements of scientific and technological progress, reducing the loss of raw materials during extraction, storage, transportation and use. It is necessary to make maximum use of secondary, accompanying and secondary resources, to attract additional sources of raw materials, primarily local ones, as well as substitutes and new types of materials.

Alternative sources for meeting the needs of the economy in natural resources are their integrated use, as well as the widespread introduction of resource-storage technologies.

The integrated use of mineral raw materials and fuel resources makes it possible to increase the amount of industrial raw materials. The scale of extraction and processing of raw materials and fuel reaches such volumes that even a relatively insignificant content of certain components in them is of great economic importance. For example, in non-ferrous metallurgy, along with copper, valuable components are extracted from copper ore and, on their basis, more than 20 additional types of products are produced. The cost of copper is much lower than the components that are extracted from the ore during its smelting.

In the case of the complex use of raw materials in non-ferrous metallurgy, it is possible to obtain almost 40 elements in the form of high-purity metals and organize the industrial production of many necessary types of products. Thus, the introduction of the most advanced technologies made it possible to expand the production of cement and soda products in the aluminum industry.

Relevant is the integrated use of waste from the power industry, where low-grade coal is used. Thus, a power plant with a capacity of 2-2.5 million kW, which consumes coal with an ash content of 20%, annually produces almost 100 million m3 of ash, which requires an area of 150 hectares for storage. It is economically expedient and technically possible to add ash and slag to solutions in the manufacture of asphalt concrete, as well as for the production of bricks, cement, and useful fillers.

An equally important area of saving natural resources is the introduction of resource-storage equipment and technologies. A decrease in the material and energy intensity of production is equivalent to an increase in the production of industrial products with the same amount of raw materials and fuel used.

Along with the integrated use of natural resources and the introduction of resource-storage technologies, an important area of resource conservation is the involvement of secondary resources in production, which makes it possible to minimize the use of primary natural raw materials.

Secondary resources are divided into secondary material and energy. Under the secondary material resources understand the waste of production and consumption (in particular household), which are used in the economy for the current state of development of science and technology. The secondary use of valuable economic substances or resources, due to the imperfection of technology, goes to waste, is called recycling. Therefore, only that part of the waste that can be collected is included in this category. Only after its formation, primary processing and appraisal of suitability for use, secondary resources turn into secondary raw materials.

The exhaustion of a number of highly profitable deposits of metal ores and the problem of environmental protection have led to the start of the use of secondary resources, which reduces not only the energy costs for their extraction and processing, but also industrial emissions into the atmosphere and hydrosphere. It is known that each ton of metal smelted from scrap is 20 times cheaper than from iron ore. At the same time, emissions into the atmosphere are reduced by 86%, into the hydrosphere - by 76%, and the amount of waste - by 97%. When smelting aluminum from scrap, electricity is spent 23 times less, and fuel - 7.4 times less. Complete disposal and recycling of ferrous metallurgy waste can provide savings equal to the cost of iron ore mined in Ukraine.

The introduction of new technologies and the use of secondary raw materials in the paper industry will not only increase the output and range of products, but also save hundreds of thousands of hectares of forests. It should be noted that the output of paper from 1 m3 of wood in Ukraine is 5-7 times lower than in highly developed countries of the market economy.

Secondary energy resources include gaseous, liquid or solid mixtures - waste products of technological processes, the temperature of which is higher than the ambient temperature (warm water from equipment cooling systems, steam, ventilation air). they can be used for heat supply to houses, heating greenhouses and the like.

In general, almost 2 billion tons of various wastes are generated annually in the country, 2/3 of which are overburden, mine and other rocks. Only the processing of agricultural raw materials annually produces 450 million tons of waste.

The consequences of the ecological crisis in Ukraine need to be clarified, first of all, with the causes and factors of its occurrence.

The range of anthropogenic impacts on the environment is wide, and its analysis allows us to state that the main reasons for the environmental condition that threatens life and life are as follows:

Extremely outdated production technology and physical and moral depreciation of equipment;
- high energy intensity, material intensity, water intensity and labor intensity of production. According to these indicators, Ukrainian industry and agriculture are 2-4 times inferior to the best world standards;
- irrational territorial structure of production location, the disadvantages of which are excessive concentration of industrial facilities in large cities and industrialized regions - Donbass, Dnieper, Carpathian, and insufficient development of industry in the central, northern and western regions;
- environmentally imperfect structure of industrial production with an extremely high concentration of environmentally hazardous industries - enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, ferrous metallurgy, chemical, mining industries;
- low agrotechnical level of agricultural production, excessive use of chemicals for soil cultivation, fertility improvement, pest control;
- scientifically substantiated system of hydromelioration - drainage in Polissya and irrigation in the steppe zone, which in the first case led to a change in the water regime of the territories, degradation of the soil cover and living conditions, and in the second - to the development of processes of planar soil washout and their salinization;
- Little attention was paid to the construction and efficient operation of environmental protection systems, the introduction of general and local treatment facilities, recycling, cyclic and sequential water supply systems, small and waste-free technologies, which took place against the backdrop of a low, in terms of environmental friendliness, level of operation of existing environmental facilities;
- now there are no effective legal and economic mechanisms for environmental regulation of nature management, and those that exist do not stimulate the development of environmentally friendly technologies for the production of so-called "green" (environmentally safe) types of products and environmental systems;
- today the nature management system itself is imperfect, it is too cumbersome, carried out mainly according to the sectoral, rather than territorial principle and has the character of monitoring compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation.

One of the most important today is the problem of protecting the air basin, the main pollutants of which are transport, energy and chemical enterprises. Cases of emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, dust, various oxides and radionuclides into the atmosphere have become more frequent. Particularly acute is the issue of protecting the atmosphere in industrial areas, centers of the metallurgical and chemical industries.

Of exceptional importance is the protection of water resources. Sources of pollution of inland waters by untreated effluents are primarily industrial and municipal enterprises, agriculture. Water bodies are especially polluted with mineral fertilizers and pesticides. An increase in water consumption causes its shortage, and therefore the problem of providing the population with clean fresh water is one of the most acute. The most important nature protection sites include the Danube, Tisza, Dnieper, Dniester, Southern Bug, Black and Azov Seas.

An integral part of the problem of environmental protection is the protection of land resources. For the development of agricultural production, the rational use of land, the restoration of its fertility, and the maximum reduction in the withdrawal of agricultural land for industrial, housing and transport construction are of exceptional importance. A special role in the stabilization of the agricultural land fund is played by the reclamation of depleted quarries.

The primary problem is the protection of flora, especially forests. The importance of the forest for human life can hardly be overestimated, so the most important task is to regulate forest management and maintain the productivity of forests. To this end, reforestation activities are being carried out. National parks (Carpathian, Shatsky, etc.) are being created to preserve species of unique nature.

The problem of protecting the wildlife is due to the decrease in the stocks of valuable species of fish, fur-bearing animals, wild animals that do not harm humans. In this regard, the relevant authorities are entrusted with the responsibility of monitoring and regulating the rules of hunting and fishing. Appropriate decisions of the legislative bodies have been adopted.

The growth in the scale of extraction of mineral resources raises the problem of subsoil protection. It is necessary to provide for the rational use of subsoil and reduce the loss of useful components in the process of extraction and processing. For this, it is necessary to introduce the integrated use of mineral raw materials, to widely apply modern efficient technologies for the extraction and processing of low-grade ores* and waste disposal.

The aggravation of these problems gives rise to the need to address the issue of further coexistence of man and nature on the basis of the rational use of natural resources. Rational nature management is understood to be such a form when it allows foreseeing the consequences of the functioning of the "man - nature" system. Its level is determined by the efficiency of the use of natural resources and the state of the environment. Rational nature management requires a strong connection between scientific and technical progress and the implementation of measures aimed at minimizing the negative anthropogenic impact on the environment and environmental intensification of production activities.

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Introduction

The mineral resource complex of Russia, created before the beginning of the 1990s and having a higher resistance to survival in the conditions of reform compared to other sectors of the economy, was in a critical state. However, it still continues to be fundamental to the national economy, holding it back from a deeper crisis. After all, about 40% of the funds of industrial enterprises and 13% of the book value of fixed assets of the Russian economy are concentrated in the sphere of subsoil use, while the mining and exploration industries provide at least 25% of GDP and about 50% of the country's exports.

The importance of Russia's natural resources and recreational potential is also great. The Russian Federation is a country with great recreational potential. Almost most regions of Russia can serve as a base for the development of inbound tourism.

Importance of natural recreational resources in the country's economy

origin;

types of recreational use;

exhaustion rates (fast exhaustible, slowly exhaustible, inexhaustible);

possibilities of self-healing and cultivation (renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable);

opportunities for economic replenishment (replaceable, irreplaceable);

the possibility of replacing one resource with another.

Recreational resources include:

natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, reservoirs, vegetation, wildlife);

cultural and historical sights;

the economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure, labor resources.

Climatic recreational resources

Under the climatic recreational resources is understood the totality of weather suitable for various types of recreation. Types of weather are divided into comfortable, allowing certain types of recreation without restrictions, sub-comfortable, in which certain types of recreation are possible with restrictions, and uncomfortable (unfavorable) - a certain type of recreation is not allowed. For example, for relaxing on the beach, the weather is comfortable with an average daily air temperature of +20 +25, a clear cloudless sky, a wind speed of no more than 5 m / s, and a relative humidity of 30 to 90%. When the listed characteristics go beyond the specified limits, for example, with an increase in wind speed, the weather becomes sub-comfortable - vacationers experience some inconvenience. In some weather conditions, such as heavy rain, a beach holiday is not possible.

It must be borne in mind that the very concept of "climatic comfort" is relative. So, for a resident of equatorial Africa, the usual winter weather for skiing may be too cold. Residents of mountainous countries do not experience the discomfort that occurs in the inhabitants of the plains when they rise sharply into the mountains due to rarefied air at heights.

Climatic resources are characterized, in particular, by the following indicators: the total number of days with favorable weather; the total duration of the seasons (seasons); the number of days with favorable weather for a particular type of tourism in each season.

Water recreational resources

Water recreational resources include all water bodies suitable for recreation. Absolutely unsuitable are only heavily polluted rivers, streams and lakes, rest on the banks of which is unpleasant.

The suitability of water resources for different types of recreation is determined by a number of characteristics

Recreational characteristics of water bodies:

Water temperature and its change during the year.

Types of shores: beaches, rocks, cliffs, grassy, marshy. The beaches, in turn, are divided by width and by the composition of the rock - sandy, pebble, boulder.

Depth of the reservoir.

The safety of the swimming pool: the absence of areas of fast flow, whirlpools, algae, various dangerous objects at the bottom - logs, sharp flaps of mollusk shells, etc.

Water pollution.

Characteristics of the rafting conditions (are of decisive importance for sports tourism): the length of the river, its slope, the speed of the current, the presence of rapids, waterfalls, dams, blockages of logs, etc.

The nature of landscapes on the shores. So, in terms of their potential qualities, water bodies with dry shores covered with pine and coniferous-broad-leaved forests are most suitable for recreation. If any forest is not far from a small river, then recreation is still possible. Swampy or plowed shores are considered unsuitable.

Forest recreational resources

Forest recreational resources include all forests suitable for recreation. Only impenetrable forests (growing in impenetrable swamps) are unsuitable. Forest recreational resources are characterized by the following indicators.

Forest cover - the percentage of forested area of the total area of the territory.

Characteristics of the forest plant community: predominant tree species, their age, presence and density of undergrowth (young trees), undergrowth (shrubs), species composition of the herbaceous-shrub layer, mosses and lichens. The latter are indicators of soil moisture conditions and fertility.

Balneological and mud therapy recreational resources

Balneological and mud therapy resources are sources of mineral waters and deposits of therapeutic mud of various composition and origin - silt, peat, sapropel, volcanic. Their characteristics are similar to those of other mineral deposits.

Characteristics of balneological and mud therapy resources:

qualitative composition - medicinal properties, determined by the content of chemical and biological (for mud) substances;

mining conditions (for example, for mineral waters - depth of occurrence).

Landscape recreational resources

Landscape recreational resources include natural or artificial landscapes that are of educational or sports interest, and also have fairly good hygienic qualities.

Different types of tourism are interested in different landscapes. For sports and educational tourism, mountainous regions are the most interesting as the most picturesque and difficult to pass. Forests are also interesting, and the more wild and uninhabited they are, the better. Wetlands can be attractive for consumer tourism enthusiasts. Plowed territories or areas deformed by mining with destroyed nature do not attract anyone.

One of the main criteria for evaluating a landscape for recreation is its aesthetics. It includes categories such as a variety of forms of landscape elements, their color, color combinations between them, the size of panoramas that open from viewing points, etc. From the point of view of aesthetics, territories with different relief are distinguished. Mountainous areas are considered the best. Then, in descending order, follow: hilly areas, gently sloping areas, flat areas (the most unaesthetic).

Educational tourism resources

These include objects of educational value that can be shown during tours.

Natural cognitive objects of tourism include beautiful landscapes, as well as individual attractions: rocky cliffs, glaciers, waterfalls, lakes, springs, old trees, trees uncharacteristic for the area, traces of animal activity (beaver huts, bird nests) and more.

The cultural educational resources of tourism include:

historical monuments - archaeological sites, places of historical events (for example, Malakhov Kurgan in Sevastopol);

architectural monuments - kremlins, churches, unique houses, etc.;

entertainment institutions - theaters, concert halls, houses of folk art (Methodological recommendations ..., 1983);

places of life of remarkable people, for example, the village of Konstantinovo (Ryazan region, Yesenin's birthplace), Kashirin's house in Nizhny Novgorod, where Maxim Gorky spent his childhood;

landscape and architectural monuments - for example, old parks (Petergorf near St. Petersburg), old estates;

museums, art galleries, exhibition halls, zoos, aquariums, ethnographic monuments and other attractions.

General characteristics of recreational resources

For all recreational resources, a number of characteristics matter.

Picturesque. Excursion object or area where people have a rest should be beautiful. The concept of beauty is largely subjective, but some generally accepted norms exist (an example is given in the description of landscape resources).

Diversity. It is desirable that various natural complexes and cultural recreational objects be located in the recreation area. In one tour, it is desirable to combine activities that are different in terms of tourism purposes.

Uniqueness. The more rare an item is, the more valuable it is. Objects that are unique on a global scale (Egyptian pyramids, Lake Baikal), on an all-Russian scale (the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus), on a regional scale (Lake Svetloyar for the Volga-Vyatka region), on a local scale (recreation area "Shchelokovsky Farm" for Nizhny Novgorod) ).

Fame. It is a derivative of uniqueness and how this uniqueness is known among the general population. For example, everyone knows Lake Baikal, and the name of the ridge "Central Sikhote-Alin" in the Far East says little to an ordinary worker, although the nature of this ridge is also unique.

Transport accessibility to the tourist site. This concept includes the fare, type of transport, travel time, frequency of transport, its comfort, etc. It depends both on the territory where the object is located and on the place where the group of tourists gathers.

Service conditions determined by the recreational infrastructure of the area where the facility is located. This is the presence of tourist and health-improving institutions, their capacity, comfort, quality condition, profile and other characteristics, the presence of a road transport network and institutions serving it (railway stations, ports, stations, lockers, etc.), the availability and quality of communication facilities , financial institutions, engineering communications, etc.

Economic evaluation of natural recreational resources

The use of an economic assessment of recreational resources in the development of a system of planning and economic indicators of recreational nature management should make it possible to scientifically substantiate the proportions in the development and placement of recreational facilities, to give an objective assessment of the sequence of development of certain types of resources, the most rational from the economic point of view. In turn, the assessment of recreational resources on a regional scale should generalize private assessments of individual types of resources, which will make it possible to establish the place of a given region in a number of recreational areas of the country and correctly determine the role of recreational resources and recreation in the national economy of certain regions.

Short description

Socio-economic development, geopolitical position and role of Russia in the world community now and in the future are largely determined by its natural resource potential and the state strategy for its use.
The mineral resource complex of Russia, created before the beginning of the 1990s and having a higher resistance to survival in the conditions of reform compared to other sectors of the economy, was in a critical state. However, it still continues to be fundamental to the national economy, holding it back from a deeper crisis. After all, about 40% of the funds of industrial enterprises and 13% of the book value of fixed assets of the Russian economy are concentrated in the sphere of subsoil use, while the mining and exploration industries provide at least 25% of GDP and about 50% of the country's exports.

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